ABSTRACT Background The prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is greater in women compared to men, but the reasons for this remain unknown. This sex difference has been widely neglected in experimental studies using transgenic mouse models of AD. Objective Here, we studied behaviour and molecular pathology of 5-month-old 5XFAD mice, which express mutated human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 on a C57BL/6J background, vs. their wild-type littermate controls, to compared both sex- and genotype-dependent differences. Methods A novel behavioural paradigm was utilised (OF-NO-SI), comprising activity measures (Open Field, OF) arena, followed by Novel Object exploration (NO) and Social Interaction (SI) of a sex-matched conspecific. Each segment consisted of two repeated trials to assess between-trial habituation. Subsequently, brain pathology (amyloid load, stress response and inflammation markers, synaptic integrity, trophic support) was assessed using qPCR and Western blotting. Results Female 5XFAD mice had higher levels of human APP and beta-amyloid (Aβ) and heightened inflammation vs males. These markers correlated with hyperactivity observed in both sexes, yet only female 5XFAD mice presented with deficits in object and social exploration. Male animals had higher expression of stress markers and neurotrophic factors irrespective of genotype, this correlated with cognitive performance. Conclusion The impact of sex on AD-relevant phenotypes is in line with human data and emphasises the necessity of appropriate study design and reporting. Differential molecular profiles observed in male vs. female mice offer insights into possible protective mechanisms, and hence treatment strategies.

Sex differences in behaviour and molecular pathology in the 5XFAD model