ABSTRACT The dynamic movement of cell organelles is an important and poorly understood component of cellular organisation and metabolism. In this work we present a non-invasive non-destructive method (Dynamic Cell Imaging, DCI) based on light scattering and interferometry to monitor dynamic events within photosynthetic cells using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model system. For this monitoring we acquire few seconds movies of the signals that are related to the motion of dynamic structures within the cell (denoted scatterers), followed by a statistical analysis of each pixel time series. Illuminating P . tricornutum with LEDs of different wavelengths associated to short pulsed or continuous-wave modes of illumination revealed that dynamic movements depend on chloroplast activity, in agreement with the reduction in the number of pixels with dynamic behaviour after addition of photosystemII inhibitors. We studied P. tricornutum under two environmentally relevant stresses, iron and phosphate deficiency. The major dynamic sites were located within lipid droplets and chloroplast envelope membranes. By comparing standard deviation and cumulative sum analysis of the time series, we showed that within the droplets two types of scatterer movement could be observed: random motions (Brownian type) but also anomalous movements corresponding to a drift which may relate to molecular fluxes within a cell. The method appears valuable for studying the effects of various environments on a large variety of microalgae in the laboratory as well as in natural aquatic environments. HIGHLIGHTs Light scattering an alternative to fluorescence to rapidly evidence dynamic processes. Lipid droplets the major metabolic active sites under stress A non-destructive visualisation method for laboratory microalgae and aquatic samples.. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Light scattering could be an alternative to fluorescence techniques to study dynamic processes within photosynthetic cells. We used a method combining light scattering and interferometry to analyse movements of intracellular scatterers in the marine diatom Phaedactylum tricornutum under two environmentally relevant stresses, iron and phosphate deficiency. Lipid droplets were the major active sites under stress. The method which is rapid and non destructive can be broadly expanded to study other microalgae and their stress responses, in the laboratory and in aquatic environments.

Dynamic Cell Imaging: application to the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under environmental stresses