Abstract Collective behavior of bacteria is regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Bacterial cells sense the density of the population and induce corresponding traits and developmental processes. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a common QS signal that regulates behavior of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In spite of the plethora of processes described to be influenced by AI-2 in diverse Gram-negative bacteria, the AI-2-regulated processes in Bacilli are relatively unexplored. Previously, we demonstrated that AI-2 regulates root colonization of Bacillus velezensis SQR9, a well-studied plant beneficial rhizobacterium. Here, we describe a novel function for AI-2 in B. velezensis SQR9 related to development of dormant spores. AI-2 inhibited the initiation of spore development throught the phosphatase RapC and the DNA binding regulator ComA. Using mutant strains and protein-protein interaction studies, we demonstrate that AI-2 interacts with RapC to stimulate its binding to ComA and therefore inactive ComA. We further demonstrate that ComA is essential for Spo0A-regulated sporulation in B. velezensis SQR9. Finally, the AI-2 molecule could be shared cross species for inhibiting Bacillus sporulation. Our study revealed a novel function and regulation mechanism of AI-2 in sporulation inhibition of Bacilli that overall suggests sporulation to be a population-level decision process in Bacilli rather than just a individual cell behavior. Author summary Quorum sensing (QS) regulates many bacterial social behavior. Bacteria cells could moniter and respond cell density by sensing the self produced QS signals. While most QS signals are unique for either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a QS signal that could produced by both bacteria groups. However, knowledge of the mechanism of AI-2 affecting bacterial behavior is poorly understood. Here, we found AI-2 inhibite Bacillus velezensis SQR9 sporulation, a generally known bacterial individual behavior. We further revealed the mechanism of AI-2 influencing sporulation of B. velezensis SQR9 was dependent on RapC and ComA. AI-2 interacts with RapC to stimulate its binding to ComA and therefore inactive ComA, and then inhibited the Spo0A-regulated sporulation. Interestingly, we show B. velezensis SQR9 could also sense the AI-2 produced by other bacteria and reduce their own sporulation. Taken together we discovered the novel function of AI-2 in sporulation, which will expand the significance of QS signal that they regulate not only social behavior but also individual behavior of bacteria.

Quorum sensing signal autoinducer-2 inhibits sporulation ofBacillusby interacting with RapC and functions across species