Summary Bacterial protoplasts are known to reproduce independently of canonical molecular biological processes. Their reproduction is shown to be mediated entirely by the physicochemical properties of cell constituents. However, the physiochemical properties of the cell constituents are influenced by the environmental conditions like salinity, salt composition, and mechanical stresses experienced by a cell in natural environments. The influence of such environmental conditions on protoplast reproduction is seldom investigated. Here, we studied protoplast reproduction in their native environmental conditions. Contrary to the previous perceptions of protoplasts reproducing in an erratic manner, cells in our study reproduced in a defined sequence of steps. The process of their reproduction can be explained by an interplay between intracellular metabolism, the physicochemical properties of cell constituents, and the nature of cations in the growth media. We observed a minimal leakage of intracellular constituents during protoplast reproduction, suggesting an efficient reproduction. However, the efficiency of reproduction is determined by the environmental conditions. Under favorable environmental conditions, protoplasts reproduce with nearly similar efficiency to cells that possess a cell wall. In short, here we demonstrate the simplest method of cellular reproduction and the influence of environmental conditions on this process.

The reproduction of Gram-negative protoplasts and the influence of environmental conditions on this process