Abstract

PurposeNon-T cell-inflamed immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironments (TME) are associated with poor responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and can be sculpted by tumor cell genomics. Here we evaluated how Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor loss of function (LOF), one of the most frequent alterations in human cancer and associated with lineage plasticity, poor prognosis and therapeutic outcomes, alters the TME, and whether therapeutic strategies targeting the molecular consequences of Rb loss enhance ICB efficacy. Experimental DesignWe performed bioinformatics analysis to elucidate the impact of endogenous Rb LOF on the immune TME in human primary and metastatic tumors. Next, we utilized isogenic murine models of Rb-deficient prostate cancer (PC) for in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies to examine how Rb loss and bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain inhibition (BETi) reprograms the immune landscape, and evaluated in vivo therapeutic efficacy of BETi, singly and in combination with ICB and androgen deprivation therapy. ResultsRb loss was enriched in non-T cell-inflamed tumors, and Rb-deficient murine tumors demonstrated decreased immune infiltration in vivo. The BETi JQ1 increased immune infiltration into the TME through enhanced tumor cell STING/NF-{kappa}B activation and type I interferon (IFN) signaling within tumor cells, resulting in differential macrophage and T cell-mediated tumor growth inhibition and sensitization of Rb-deficient PC to ICB. ConclusionsBETi can reprogram the immunologically cold Rb-deficient TME via STING/NF-{kappa}B/IFN signaling to sensitize Rb-deficient PC to ICB. These data provide the mechanistic rationale to test combinations of BETi and ICB in clinical trials of Rb-deficient PC. STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCERb LOF is one of the most common genomic alterations in human cancer, occurring in approximately 1/3 of advanced malignancies, Furthermore, loss of Rb correlates with enhanced aggressiveness and poor therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of Rb is also associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and lack of responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). As a strategy to overcome Rb LOF induced immunosuppression, we have demonstrated that BETi treatment drives STING/NF-{kappa}B signaling and type I interferon production within tumor cells, resulting in immune-mediated tumor control in Rb-deficient PC, which is accentuated by the combination with ICB and ADT. These findings provide a roadmap for maximizing the clinical translation of BET inhibitors into the clinic to treat aggressive-variant Rb-deficient PC.