Abstract Family and twin studies demonstrate that genetic factors determine 20-60% of the vulnerability to opioid use disorder. However, the genes/alleles that mediate the risk of developing addiction-related behaviors, including the sensitivity to the analgesic efficacy of opioids, the development of tolerance, dependence, and escalation of oxycodone taking and seeking, have been ill-defined, thus hindering efforts to design pharmacological interventions to enable precision medicine strategies. Here we characterized oxycodone addiction-like behaviors in heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, that show high genetic diversity that mimics the high genetic variability in humans. HS rats were allowed to self-administer oxycodone for two h/daily for four days (ShA) and then moved to 12h/daily (LgA) for 14 days. Animals were screened for motivation to self-administer oxycodone using a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement and for the development of withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance to the analgesic effects of oxycodone using the von-Frey and tail immersion tests, respectively. To reduce cohort-specific effects, we used cohorts of 46-60 rats and normalized the response level within cohorts using a Z-score. To take advantage of the four opioid-related behaviors and further identify subjects that are consistently vulnerable vs . resilient to compulsive oxycodone use, we computed an Addiction Index by averaging normalized responding (Z-scores) for the four behavioral tests. Results showed high individual variability between vulnerable and resilient rats, likely to facilitate the detection of gene variants associated with vulnerable vs . resilient individuals. Such data will have considerable translational value for designing follow-up studies in humans.

Individual differences in oxycodone addiction-like behaviors in a large cohort of heterogeneous stock (HS) rats