Abstract

Work in humans and animals shows that the brain can be decomposed into large-scale functional networks. Whereas most studies, especially in humans, use the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, the relationship between BOLD and neuronal activity is complex and incompletely understood. This limits our ability to interpret and apply measures derived from fMRI-BOLD. Here, we employ wide-field Ca2+ imaging simultaneously recorded with fMRI-BOLD in highly-sampled mice expressing GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons. These unique data enabled us to characterize the similarities and differences between networks discoverable by each modality. Importantly, we applied a network partitioning approach that uses a mixed-membership algorithm, which allows brain regions to participate in multiple networks with varying strengths. This contrasts with assuming regions belong to only one network. Our findings demonstrate that (1) most BOLD networks are detected via Ca2+ signals. (2) There is considerable overlapping--as opposed to disjoint--network organization that is evident from both modalities. (3) Large-scale networks determined by Ca2+ signals at low temporal frequencies (0.01 - 0.5 Hz)--as opposed to higher frequencies (0.5 - 5 Hz)--are more similar to those determined by BOLD. (4) Despite many similarities, differences emerge across modes including the spatial distribution of membership diversity (the extent to which regions affiliate with multiple networks). In sum, Ca2+ imaging of excitatory neurons confirms that the mouse cortex is functionally organized into overlapping large-scale networks in a manner that reflects many, but not all, properties observable with simultaneous fMRI-BOLD; affirming the neural origins of patterns of brain organization that are evident in a clinically accessible neuroimaging modality.