Abstract Shape perception is essential for numerous everyday behaviors from object recognition to grasping and handling objects. Yet how the brain encodes shape remains poorly understood. Here, we probed shape representations using visual aftereffects—perceptual distortions that occur following extended exposure to a stimulus—to resolve a long-standing debate about shape encoding. We implemented contrasting low-level and high-level computational models of neural adaptation, which made precise and distinct predictions about the illusory shape distortions the observers experience following adaptation. Directly pitting the predictions of the two models against one another revealed that the perceptual distortions are driven by high-level shape attributes derived from the statistics of natural shapes. Our findings suggest that the diverse shape attributes thought to underlie shape encoding (e.g., curvature distributions, ‘skeletons’, aspect ratio) are the result of a visual system that learns to encode natural shape geometries based on observing many objects.

The statistics of natural shapes predict high-level aftereffects in human vision