Abstract

BackgroundG proteins mediate cell responses to various ligands and play key roles in organ development. Dysregulation of G-proteins or Ca2+ signaling impacts many human diseases and results in birth defects. However, the downstream effectors of specific G proteins in developmental regulatory networks are still poorly understood. MethodsWe employed the Gal4/UAS binary system to inhibit or overexpress Gq in the wing disc, followed by phenotypic analysis. Immunohistochemistry and next-gen RNA sequencing identified the downstream effectors and the signaling cascades affected by the disruption of Gq homeostasis. ResultsHere, we characterized how the G protein subunit Gq tunes the size and shape of the wing in the larval and adult stages of development. Downregulation of Gq in the wing disc reduced wing growth and delayed larval development. Gq overexpression is sufficient to promote global Ca2+ waves in the wing disc with a concomitant reduction in the Drosophila final wing size and a delay in pupariation. The reduced wing size phenotype is further enhanced when downregulating downstream components of the core Ca2+ signaling toolkit, suggesting that downstream Ca2+ signaling partially ameliorates the reduction in wing size. In contrast, Gq-mediated pupariation delay is rescued by inhibition of IP3R, a key regulator of Ca2+ signaling. This suggests that Gq regulates developmental phenotypes through both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent mechanisms. RNA seq analysis shows that disruption of Gq homeostasis affects nuclear hormone receptors, JAK/STAT pathway, and immune response genes. Notably, disruption of Gq homeostasis increases expression levels of Dilp8, a key regulator of growth and pupariation timing. ConclusionGq activity contributes to cell size regulation and wing metamorphosis. Disruption to Gq homeostasis in the peripheral wing disc organ delays larval development through ecdysone signaling inhibition. Overall, Gq signaling mediates key modules of organ size regulation and epithelial homeostasis through the dual action of Ca2+-dependent and independent mechanisms.