Abstract Brain structure and function are intimately linked, however this association remains poorly understood of the complexity of this relationship has remained understudied. Healthy aging is characterized by heterogenous levels of structural integrity changes that influence functional network dynamics. Here, we used the multilayer brain network analysis on structural (diffusion tensor imaging) and functional (magnetoencephalography) data from the Cam-CAN database. We found that the level of similarity of connectivity patterns between brain structure and function in the parietal and temporal regions (alpha frequency band) was associated with cognitive performance in healthy older individuals. These results highlight the impact of structural connectivity changes on the reorganisation of functional connectivity associated with the preservation of cognitive function, and provide a mechanistic understanding of the concepts of brain maintenance and compensation with aging. Investigation of the link between structure and function could thus represent a new marker of individual variability, and of pathological changes.

Linking structural and functional changes during aging using multilayer brain network analysis