Synthetic genes compete among themselves and with the host cell's genes for expression machinery, exhibiting resource couplings that affect the dynamics of cellular processes. The modeling of such couplings can be facilitated by simplifying the kinetics of resource-substrate binding. Model-guided design allows to counter unwanted indirect interactions by using biomolecular controllers or tuning the biocircuit's parameters. However, resource-aware biocircuit design in bacteria is complicated by the interdependence of resource availability and cell growth rate, which significantly affects biocircuit performance. This phenomenon can be captured by coarse-grained models of the whole bacterial cell. The level of detail in these models must balance accurate representation of metabolic regulation against model simplicity and interpretability. We propose a coarse-grained E. coli cell model that combines the ease of simplified resource coupling analysis with the appreciation of bacterial growth regulation mechanisms. Reliably capturing known growth phenomena, it enables numerical prototyping of biocircuits and derivation of analytical relations which can guide the design process. By reproducing several distinct empirical laws observed in prior studies, our model provides a unifying framework for previously disjoint experimental observations. Finally, we propose a novel biomolecular controller that achieves near-perfect adaptation of cell-wide ribosome availability to changes in synthetic gene expression. Showcasing our model's usefulness, we use it to determine the controller's setpoint and operation range from its constituent genes' parameters.

A coarse-grained bacterial cell model for resource-aware analysis and design of synthetic gene circuits