Summary Central nervous system neurons have axons that vary over 100-fold in diameter. This diversity contributes to the regulation of myelination and conduction velocity along axons, which is critical for proper nervous system function. Despite this importance, technical challenges have limited our understanding of mechanisms controlling axon diameter growth, preventing systematic dissection of how manipulating diameter affects conduction along individual axons. Here, we establish zebrafish as system to investigate the regulation of axon diameter and axonal conduction in vivo . We identify a role for importin 13b specifically in axon diameter growth, that is independent of axonal length and overall cell size. Impairment of diameter growth along individual myelinated axons reduced conduction velocity in proportion to the diameter, but had no effect on the precision of action potential propagation or ability to fire at high frequencies. This work highlights an axon diameter-specific mechanism of growth that regulates conduction speeds along myelinated axons.

Importin 13-dependent Axon Diameter Growth Regulates Conduction Speeds along Myelinated CNS Axons