Cyclic changes in hormonal state are well-known to regulate mating behavior during the female reproductive cycle, but whether and how these changes affect the dynamics of neural activity in the female brain is largely unknown. The ventromedial hypothalamus, ventro-lateral subdivision (VMHvl) contains a subpopulation of VMHvl Esr1+,Npy2r- neurons that controls female sexual receptivity. Longitudinal single cell calcium imaging of these neurons across the estrus cycle revealed that overlapping but distinct subpopulations were active during proestrus (mating-accepting) vs. non-proestrus (rejecting) phases. Dynamical systems analysis of imaging data from proestrus females uncovered a dimension with slow ramping activity, which generated approximate line attractor-like dynamics in neural state space. During mating, the neural population vector progressed along this attractor as male mounting and intromission proceeded. Attractor-like dynamics disappeared in non-proestrus states and reappeared following re-entry into proestrus. They were also absent in ovariectomized females but were restored by hormone priming. These observations reveal that hypothalamic line attractor-like dynamics are associated with female sexual receptivity and can be reversibly regulated by sex hormones, demonstrating that attractor dynamics can be flexibly modulated by physiological state. They also suggest a potential mechanism for the neural encoding of female sexual arousal.

Periodic hypothalamic attractor-like dynamics during the estrus cycle