Abstract Moso bamboo, recognized for its wide distribution and economic importance, encounters challenges in varietal enhancement due to its protracted sexual reproduction cycle. This study employed whole-genome resequencing to uncover spontaneous mutations in Moso bamboo and investigated mutagenesis using atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP). Through the sequencing results, we identified the population of flowering bamboo as an asexual breeding line. Notably, the flowering Moso bamboo population, exclusively derived from asexual reproduction, exhibited a high spontaneous mutation rate (4.54 × 10-4 to 1.15 × 10-3/bp) during sexual reproduction, considering parental and cross-pollination effects. Genetic disparities between offspring and parents exhibited a bimodal distribution, indicating a substantial cross-pollination rate. ARTP mutagenesis increased structural variations in offspring, while changes in SNPs and INDELs were less pronounced. Sanger sequencing validated a gene subset, providing a foundation for spontaneous mutation rate investigation via whole-genome sequencing. These insights, particularly from mutagenized offspring sequencing, contribute to Moso bamboo breeding strategies. Highlight Moso bamboo breeding revolutionized—high spontaneous mutations in asexually derived flowering population. ARTP mutagenesis boosts structural variations, shaping innovative breeding approaches.

Unveiling Elevated Spontaneous Mutation Rates in<i>Phyllostachys edulis</i>(Moso Bamboo) through Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Investigating the Impact of Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Induced Mutagenesis

Unveiling Elevated Spontaneous Mutation Rates inPhyllostachys edulis(Moso Bamboo) through Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Investigating the Impact of Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Induced Mutagenesis