Abstract Understanding the adaptability of the motor cortex in response to bilateral motor tasks is crucial for advancing our knowledge of neural plasticity and motor learning. Here we aim to investigate the dynamic lateralization of contralateral-projecting corticospinal neurons (cpCSNs) during such tasks. Utilizing in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we observe cpCSNs in mice performing a bilateral lever-press task. Our findings reveal a heterogeneous population dynamics in cpCSNs: a marked decrease in activity during ipsilateral motor learning, in contrast to maintained activity during contralateral motor learning. Notably, individual cpCSNs show dynamic shifts in their engagement with ipsilateral and contralateral movements, displaying an evolving pattern of activation over successive days. This suggests a flexible and learning-related reconfiguration in the cpCSN network, parallel to motor learning stages. Our findings suggest a complex reorganization in cpCSN activities, underscoring the dynamic nature of cortical lateralization in motor learning and offering insights for neuromotor rehabilitation.

Dynamic Lateralization in Contralateral-Projecting Corticospinal Neurons During Motor Learning