Abstract

The Sun, the primary source of light and energy on Earth, emits a vast spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that includes not just visible light but extends to radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and γ-rays. This broad spectrum, with its peak in the visible range, illuminates the planet with an average power density of 0.1 W/cm2 upon reaching the Earth's surface, playing a crucial role in sustaining life. Solar cells, designed to harness this abundant sunlight, convert it into electricity, paving the way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.