Abstract

After Cheon et al. (Asiacrypt’ 17) proposed an approximate homomorphic encryption scheme, HEAAN, for operations between encrypted real (or complex) numbers, the scheme is widely used in a variety of fields with needs on privacy-preserving in data analysis. After that, a bootstrapping method for HEAAN is proposed by Cheon et al. (Eurocrypt’ 18) with modulus reduction being replaced by a sine function. In this paper, we generalize the Full-RNS variant of HEAAN proposed by Cheon et al. (SAC, 19) to reduce the number of temporary moduli used in key-switching. As a result, our scheme can support more depth computations without bootstrapping while ensuring the same level of security. We also propose a new polynomial approximation method to evaluate a sine function in an encrypted state, which is specialized for the bootstrapping for HEAAN. Our method considers a ratio between the size of a plaintext and the size of a ciphertext modulus. Consequently, it requires a smaller number of non-scalar multiplications, which is about half of the Chebyshev method. With our variant of the Full-RNS scheme and a new sine evaluation method, we firstly implement bootstrapping for a Full-RNS variant of approximate homomorphic encryption scheme. Our method enables bootstrapping for a plaintext in the space $${\mathbb {C}}^{16384}$$ to be completed in 52 s while preserving 11 bit precision of each slot.