Abstract

Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) aim to restore function to persons living with spinal cord injuries by decoding neural signals into behavior. Recently, nonlinear BMI decoders have outperformed previous state-of-the-art linear decoders, but few studies have investigated what specific improvements these nonlinear approaches provide. In this study, we compare how temporally convolved feedforward neural networks (tcFNNs) and linear approaches predict individuated finger movements in open and closed-loop settings. We show that nonlinear decoders generate more naturalistic movements, producing distributions of velocities 85.3% closer to true hand control than linear decoders. Addressing concerns that neural networks may come to inconsistent solutions, we find that regularization techniques improve the consistency of tcFNN convergence by 194.6%, along with improving average performance, and training speed. Finally, we show that tcFNN can leverage training data from multiple task variations to improve generalization. The results of this study show that nonlinear methods produce more naturalistic movements and show potential for generalizing over less constrained tasks. TeaserA neural network decoder produces consistent naturalistic movements and shows potential for real-world generalization through task variations.