Abstract Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) installs a profound host shut-off during lytic infection. The virion host shut-off ( vhs ) protein plays a key role in this process by efficiently cleaving both host and viral mRNAs in a translation-initiation-dependent manner. Furthermore, the onset of viral DNA replication is accompanied by a rapid decline in transcriptional activity of the host genome. Both mechanisms have tremendous impact on the RNA expression profile of the infected cells. To dissect their relative contributions and elucidate gene-specific host transcriptional responses throughout the first 8h of lytic HSV-1 infection, we here employed RNA-seq of total, newly transcribed (4sU-labelled) and chromatin-associated RNA in wild-type (WT) and Δ vhs infection of primary human fibroblasts. Following virus entry, v hs activity rapidly plateaued at an elimination rate of around 30% of cellular mRNAs per hour until 8h p.i. In parallel, host transcriptional activity dropped down to 10-20%. While the combined effects of both phenomena dominated infection-induced changes in total RNA, extensive gene-specific transcriptional regulation was observable in chromatin-associated RNA. This was surprisingly concordant between WT HSV-1 and its Δ vhs mutant and at least in parts mediated by the embryonic transcription factor DUX4. Furthermore, both WT and Δ vhs infection induced strong transcriptional up-regulation of a small subset of genes. Most of these were either poorly or not at all expressed prior to infection but already primed by H3K4me3 histone marks at their promoters. Most interestingly, analysis of chromatin-associated RNA revealed vhs -nuclease-activity-dependent transcriptional down-regulation of at least 150 cellular genes, in particular of many genes encoding integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. This was accompanied by a vhs -dependent reduction in protein levels by 8h p.i. for many of these genes. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular RNA metabolism during the first 8h of lytic HSV-1 infection. Author Summary The HSV-1 virion host shut-off ( vhs ) protein efficiently cleaves both host and viral mRNAs in a translation-dependent manner. In this study, we model and quantify changes in vhs activity as well as the virus-induced global loss of host transcriptional activity during productive HSV-1 infection. In general, HSV-1-induced alterations in total RNA levels were found to be predominantly shaped by these two global processes rather than gene-specific regulation. In contrast, chromatin-associated RNA depicted gene-specific transcriptional changes. This revealed highly concordant transcriptional changes in WT and Δvhs infection, confirmed DUX4 as a key transcriptional regulator in HSV-1 infection and depicted vhs -dependent, transcriptional down-regulation of the integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix. The latter explained some of the gene-specific effects previously attributed to vhs -mediated mRNA degradation and resulted in a concordant loss in protein levels by 8h p.i. for many of the respective genes.

Dissecting HSV-1-induced host shut-off at RNA level