SUMMARY Ecological causes of developmental-system evolution, for example from predation, remain under intense investigation. An important open question is the role of latent phenotypes in eco-evo-devo. The predatory bacterium Myxococcus xanthus undergoes aggregative multicellular development upon starvation. Here we use M. xanthus to test whether evolution in several distinct growth environments that do not induce development latently alters developmental phenotypes, including morphology and plasticity, in environments that do induce development. In the MyxoEE-3 evolution experiment, growing M. xanthus populations swarmed across agar surfaces while adapting to distinct conditions varying at factors such as surface stiffness or prey identity. All examined developmental phenotypes underwent extensive and ecologically specific latent evolution, with surface stiffness, prey presence and prey identity all strongly impacting the latent evolution of development. Evolution on hard agar allowed retention of developmental proficiency and extensive stochastic phenotypic radiation, including of reaction norms, with instances of both increased plasticity and canalization. In contrast, evolution on soft agar latently led to systematic loss of development, revealing an ecologically-contingent fitness trade-off between the growth and developmental phases of a multicellular life cycle that is likely determined by details of motility behavior. Similar contingency was observed after evolution during predatory growth in distinct prey environments, with Bacillus subtilis causing greater loss of development and lower stochastic diversification than Escherichia coli . Our results have implications for understanding evolutionary interactions among predation, development and motility in myxobacterial life cycles, and, more broadly, the importance of latent phenotypes for the diversification of developmental systems.

Hidden paths to endless forms most wonderful: Ecology latently shapes evolution of multicellular development in predatory bacteria