Long-period radio transients are an emerging class of extreme astrophysical events of which only three are known. These objects emit highly polarised, coherent pulses of typically a few tens of seconds duration and minutes to hour-long periods. While magnetic white dwarfs and magnetars, either isolated or in binary systems, have been invoked to explain these objects, a consensus has not emerged. Here we report on the discovery of ASKAP J193505.1+214841.0 (henceforth ASKAPJ1935+2148) with a period of 53.8 minutes exhibiting three distinct emission states - a bright pulse state with highly linearly polarised pulses with widths of 10-50 seconds; a weak pulse state which is about 26 times fainter than the bright state with highly circularly polarised pulses of widths of approximately 370 milliseconds; and a quiescent or quenched state with no pulses. The first two states have been observed to progressively evolve over the course of 8 months with the quenched state interspersed between them suggesting physical changes in the region producing the emission. A constraint on the radius of the source for the observed period rules out a magnetic white dwarf origin. Unlike other long-period sources, ASKAPJ1935+2148 is the first to exhibit drastic variations in emission modes reminiscent of neutron stars. However, its radio properties challenge our current understanding of neutron star emission and evolution.

An emission-state-switching radio transient with a 54-minute period