The growing interest in nanoparticles in modern research is due to their potential uses in different fields of study. Throughout human history, individuals have been exposed to environmental nanosized particles, and over the past century, these exposures have significantly risen. Through injection, ingestion, and inhalation, nanoparticles can change the material's physicochemical characteristics and improve its ability to absorb and interact with biological tissues. Nanoparticles can penetrate the cell membrane and reach up to mitochondria and nucleus, causing gene mutation and inhibiting the mitochondrial process involved in cell metabolism. The toxicity is associated with size, shape, charge, surface area, chemical composition, and other linked factors. The in vivo behavior of these nanoparticles is still a major question that needs to be resolved. The tests are performed against the new nanoparticles during the developmental process to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by metal-based nanoparticles in humans and animals