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Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans

Authors
Iosif Lazaridis,Nick Patterson
Alissa Mittnik,Gabriel Renaud,Swapan Mallick,Karola Kirsanow,Peter Sudmant,Joshua Schraiber,Sergi Castellano,Mark Lipson,Bonnie Berger,Christos Economou,Ruth Bollongino,Qiaomei Fu,Kirsten Bos,Susanne Nordenfelt,Heng Li,Cesare Filippo,Kay Prüfer,Susanna Sawyer,Cosimo Posth,Wolfgang Haak,Fredrik Hallgren,Elin Fornander,Nadin Rohland,Dominique Delsate,Michael Francken,Jean-Michel Guinet,Joachim Wahl,George Ayodo,Hamza Babiker,Graciela Bailliet,Elena Balanovska,Oleg Balanovsky,Ramiro Barrantes,Gabriel Bedoya,Haim Ben-Ami,Judit Bene,Fouad Berrada,Claudio Bravi,Francesca Brisighelli,George Busby,Francesco Cali,Mikhail Churnosov,David Cole,Daniel Corach,Larissa Damba,George Driem,Stanislav Dryomov,Jean-Michel Dugoujon,Sardana Fedorova,Irene Romero,Marina Gubina,Michael Hammer,Brenna Henn,Tor Hervig,Ugur Hodoglugil,Aashish Jha,Sena Karachanak-Yankova,Rita Khusainova,Elza Khusnutdinova,Rick Kittles,Toomas Kivisild,William Klitz,Vaidutis Kučinskas,Alena Kushniarevich,Leila Laredj,Sergey Litvinov,Theologos Loukidis,Robert Mahley,Béla Melegh,Ene Metspalu,Julio Molina,Joanna Mountain,Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi,Desislava Nesheva,Thomas Nyambo,Ludmila Osipova,Jüri Parik,Fedor Platonov,Olga Posukh,Valentino Romano,Francisco Rothhammer,Igor Rudan,Ruslan Ruizbakiev,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Antti Sajantila,Antonio Salas,Elena Starikovskaya,Ayele Tarekegn,Draga Toncheva,Shahlo Turdikulova,Ingrida Uktveryte,Olga Utevska,René Vasquez,Mercedes Villena,Mikhail Voevoda,Cheryl Winkler,Levon Yepiskoposyan,Pierre Zalloua,Tatijana Zemunik,Alan Cooper,Cristian Capelli,Mark Thomas,Andres Ruiz-Linares,Sarah Tishkoff,Lalji Singh,Kumarasamy Thangaraj,Richard Villems,David Comas,Rem Sukernik,Mait Metspalu,Matthias Meyer,Evan Eichler,Joachim Burger,Montgomery Slatkin,Svante Pääbo,Janet Kelso,David Reich,Johannes Krause,М. Чурносов,Драга Тончева,М. Воевода,Andrés Ruiz‐Linares,R. Sukernik,Joachim Bürger,Graciela Baillet,Haim Ben‐Ami,Cláudio Bravi,Francesco Calı̀,Jean‐Michel Dugoujon,Tor Helvig,Uğur Hodoğlugil,Р. Хусаинова,Э. Хуснутдинова,Vasily Ramensky,L. Osipova,Федор Платонов,Ingrida Uktverytė,René Vásquez
+138 authors
,Sergey Semaev
Published
Dec 23, 2013
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Abstract

We sequenced genomes from a ~7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.

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