Abstract

Abstract The space hurricane is a large‐scale three‐dimensional magnetic vortex structure that can cause massive local energy injections in the polar cap. By analyzing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16–F19 satellite observations from 2005 to 2016, we found that the Southern Hemisphere space hurricane mainly occurs in summer under negative By dominated northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In particular, the space hurricanes are more likely to occur in the dayside polar cap at magnetic latitude greater than 80°. The characteristics for the Southern Hemisphere are basically consistent with the characteristics of space hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere. The different dependences of By component in different hemispheres supports the high‐latitude lobe reconnection as the formation mechanism. Plasma data from DMSP satellites in both hemispheres show that the appearance of the space hurricane greatly enhances the convection in the polar cap and the electron density on its dawn side. Within the space hurricane, electron temperatures typically increase significantly, accompanied by strong upward field‐aligned currents and electron precipitation. These results give us a better understanding of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐polar ionosphere coupling process under northward IMF conditions.