Using data from 697,828 research participants from 23andMe and UK Biobank, we identified 351 loci associated with being a morning person, a behavioural indicator of a person's underlying circadian rhythm. These loci were validated in 85,760 individuals with activity-monitor derived measures of sleep timing: the mean sleep timing of the 5% of individuals carrying the most "morningness" alleles was 25.1 minutes (95% CI: 22.5, 27.6) earlier than the 5% carrying the fewest. The loci were enriched for genes involved in circadian rhythm and insulin pathways, and those expressed in the retina, hindbrain, hypothalamus, and pituitary (all FDR<1%). We provide some evidence that being a morning person was causally associated with reduced risk of schizophrenia (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96), depression (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98) and a lower age at last childbirth in women (β: -0.046 years; 95% CI: -0.067, -0.025), but was not associated with BMI (β: -4.6x10-4; 95% CI: -0.044, 0.043) or type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.1). This study offers new insights into the biology of circadian rhythms and disease links in humans.

Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides new insights into circadian rhythms in humans and links to disease