Abstract

Optogenetic neuronal network manipulation promises to at last unravel a long-standing mystery in neuroscience: how does microcircuit activity causally relate to behavioral and pathological states? The challenge to evoke spikes with high spatial and temporal complexity necessitates further joint development of light-delivery approaches and custom opsins. Two-photon scanning and parallel illumination strategies applied to ChR2- and C1V1-expressing neurons demonstrated reliable, in-depth generation of action potentials both in-vitro and in-vivo, but thus far lack the temporal precision necessary to induce precisely timed spiking events. Here, we show that efficient current integration enabled by two-photon holographic amplified laser illumination of Chronos, a highly light-sensitive and fast opsin, can evoke spikes with submillisecond precision and repeated firing up to 100 Hz. These results pave the way for optogenetic manipulation with the spatial and temporal sophistication necessary to mimic natural microcircuit activity.