Interspecific introgression between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense allows breeding cotton with outstanding fiber length (FL). However, the dynamic gene regulatory network of FL-related genes has not been characterized, and the functional mechanism through which the hub gene GhTUB5 mediates fiber elongation has yet to be determined. Coexpression analyses of 277 developing fiber transcriptomes integrated with QTL mapping using 250 introgression lines of different FL phenotypes were conducted to identify genes related to fiber elongation. The function of GhTUB5 was determined by ectopic expression of two TUB5 alleles in Arabidopsis and knockout of GhTUB5 in upland cotton. Yeast two-hybrid, split-luciferase and pull-down assays were conducted to screen for interacting proteins, and upstream genes were identified by yeast one-hybrid, dual-LUC and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The 32,612, 30,837 and 30,277 genes expressed at 5, 10 and 15 days postanthesis (dpa) were grouped into 19 distinct coexpression modules, and 988 genes in the MEblack module were enriched in the cell wall process and exhibited significant associations with FL. A total of 20 FL-QTLs were identified, each explaining 3.34–16.04 % of the phenotypic variance in the FL. Furthermore, several FL-QTLs contained 15 genes that were differentially expressed in the MEblack module including the tubulin beta gene (TUB5). Compared with the wild type, the overexpression of GhTUB5 and GbTUB5 in Arabidopsis suppressed root cell length but promoted cellulose synthesis. Knockout of GhTUB5 resulted in longer fiber lines. Protein-based experiments revealed that GhTUB5 interacts with GhZFP6. Additionally, GhTUB5 was directly activated by GhHD-ZIP7, a homeobox-leucine zipper transcription factor, and its paralogous gene was previously reported to mediate fiber elongation. This study opens a new avenue to dissect functional mechanism of cotton fiber elongation. Our findings provide some molecular details on how GhTUB5 mediates the FL phenotype in cotton.

Deciphering the dynamic expression network of fiber elongation and the functional role of the GhTUB5 gene for fiber length in cotton based on an introgression population of upland cotton