The gut microbiome has been the center of attention for human commensal microbiome studies. The vaginal microbiome is also densely populated with bacteria, viruses and fungi, and the presence of microorganisms beyond the cervix is increasingly reported in non-infectious conditions 1–3 . Due to the over 90% of human sequences in female reproductive tract samples 3,4 , metagenomic information has been very limited. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing studies have identified community types in the vaginal microbiota, and observed its dynamic changes due to menstrual cycles and sexual behaviors in small cohorts 5,6 . Here we perform metagenomic shotgun sequencing on cervical samples from 516 women of reproductive age (more than 10-fold of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) 4 ), and dissect major factors, especially pregnancy and delivery histories and contraception methods on the microbiome composition. Features of other body sites, such as mood fluctuations and facial speckles could potentially be deduced from the vagino-cervical microbiome. Our results offer an unprecedented glimpse into the microbiota in the female reproductive tract and imply disease susceptibilities that may be relieved by behavioural changes.

The vagino-cervical microbiome as a woman’s life history