Abstract

Abstract The gamma-ray burst (GRB) event GRB 221009A was the brightest event that has ever been detected to date. Owing to its unexpected brightness, the temporal and/or spectral information of the prompt emission cannot be accurately measured by many satellites (with the only exception of GECAM-C), since they suffered from significant pulse pileup and data saturation effects. Similarly, the X45 solar flare event occurring on 2003 November 4 saturated space-borne X-ray detectors, and it was through ground-based measurements of very low-frequency (VLF) signals that the magnitude of this event was determined, since VLF signals are particularly sensitive to the disturbance on the D -region ionosphere caused by low-energy photons. Therefore, in this study, we first report measurements of VLF signals from the JJI and VTX transmitter as recorded in Shiyan, China, when GRB 221009A occurred. The amplitude change was ∼1.25 and ∼2.31 dB for the JJI and VTX transmitter, respectively. Using a suite of well-validated models, we have further simulated the influence on the D -region ionosphere induced by low-energy photons (<100 keV) of GRB 221009A. Compared with the pre-GRB condition, the electron density was enhanced by 39.75% and 626.61% at 60 and 70 km altitude for the VTX-SYS path and 39.73% and 621.11% at 60 and 70 km altitude for the JJI-SYS path, respectively, with the altitude of notable electron density change being as low as ∼30 km. Moreover, we have compared modeling results of VLF signal change with our measurements during GRB 221009A. The good agreements obtained in terms of amplitude change and overall trend validate the fluxes and spectra of GRB 221009A at low energies (<20 keV) as measured by GECAM-C.