Estrogen exposure during menstrual years has been associated with late-life neuroprotection. We explored the presence of an age-sensitive menarche window for cognition in old age and the impact of socioeconomic status and education. We compared neuropsychological performance of 1082 older women [MeanAGE = 72.69 (5.48)] with menarche in childhood, early-, mid-, and late-adolescence and dementia prevalence, severity, and type, including the effects of education and socioeconomic status. Adjusting for covariates, menarche at 11–14 years of age was associated with better memory, executive and global cognitive functioning in old age, and stronger positive effects of education and socioeconomic status on cognition than those with menarche at 15–17 years. We found a critical age window for the neuroprotective effects of estrogens during early adolescence, putting women with later menarche at higher risk for cognitive decline. Effects of socioeconomic status and education in adulthood should be a focus of future research.

Critical menarche age for late-life dementia and the role of education and socioeconomic status