Abstract

Abstract In this study, we explore the possibility of inferring characteristics of the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) from the blood. Specifically, we investigate two datasets of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with matched scRNA-Seq from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor tissues. Our analysis shows that the immune cell fractions and gene expression profiles of various immune cells within the tumor microenvironment can be inferred from the matched PBMC scRNA-Seq data. We find that the established exhausted T-cell signature can be predicted from the blood and serve as a valuable prognostic blood biomarker of immunotherapy response. Additionally, our study reveals that the inferred ratio between tumor memory B and regulatory T cell fractions is predictive of immunotherapy response and is superior to the well-established cytolytic and exhausted T-cell signatures. These results highlight the promising potential of PBMC scRNA-Seq in cancer immunotherapy and warrant, and will hopefully facilitate, further investigations on a larger scale. The code for predicting tumor immune microenvironment from PBMC scRNA-Seq, TIMEP, is provided, offering other researchers the opportunity to investigate its prospective applications in various other indications.