Paper
Due to new applications such as wireless communications, security scanning, and imaging the presence of artificially generated high frequency (30-300 GHz) millimetre-wave (MMW) signals in the environment is increasing. Although safe exposure levels have been set by studies involving direct thermal damage to tissue, there is evidence that MMWs can have an impact on cellular function, including neurons. Earlier in vitro studies have shown that exposure levels well below the recommended safe limit of 1mW/cm2 cause changes in the action potential (AP) firing rate, resting potential, and AP pulse shape of sensory neurons in leech preparations, as well as alter neuronal properties in rat cortical brain slices; these effects differ from changes induced by direct heating. In this paper we examine continuous MMW power (up to 80 mW/cm2 at 60 GHz) and evaluate the responses in the thermosensitive primary nociceptors of the medicinal leech (genus Richardsonianus Australis). The results show that MMW exposure causes an almost two-fold decrease in the threshold for activation of the AP compared with conductive heating (3.6{+/-}0.4 mV vs. 6.5{+/-}0.4 mV respectively). Our analysis suggests that MMW exposure mediated threshold alterations are not caused by enhancement of voltage gated sodium and potassium conductance. Moreover, it appears that MMW exposure has a modest suppressing effect on membrane excitability. We propose that the reduction in AP threshold can be attributed to sensitization of the TRPV1-like receptor in the leech nociceptor. In silico modelling supported the experimental findings. Our results provide evidence that MMW exposure stimulates specific receptor responses that differ from direct conductive heating, fostering the need for additional studies.
