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The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses

Authors
Nevin Young,Jean‐Jacques Bono
Giles Oldroyd,René Geurts,Steven Cannon,Michael Udvardi,Vagner Benedito,Klaus Mayer,Jérôme Gouzy,Heiko Schoof,Yves Peer,Sebastian Proost,Douglas Cook,Blake Meyers,M. Spannagl,Foo Cheung,Stéphane Mita,Vivek Krishnakumar,Heidrun Gundlach,Shiguo Zhou,Joann Mudge,Arvind Bharti,Jeremy Murray,Marina Naoumkina,Benjamin Rosen,Kevin Silverstein,Haibao Tang,Stéphane Rombauts,Patrick Zhao,Peng Zhou,Valérie Barbe,Philippe Bardou,Michael Bechner,Arnaud Bellec,Anne Berger,Hélène Berges,Shelby Bidwell,Ton Bisseling,Nathalie Choisne,Arnaud Couloux,Roxanne Denny,Shweta Deshpande,Xinbin Dai,Jeff Doyle,Anne-Marie Dudez,Andrew Farmer,Stéphanie Fouteau,Carolien Franken,Chrystel Gibelin,John Gish,Steven Goldstein,Álvaro González,Pamela Green,Asis Hallab,Marijke Hartog,Axin Hua,Sean Humphray,Dong Jeong,Yi Jing,Anika Jöcker,Steve Kenton,Dong-Jin Kim,Kathrin Klee,Hongshing Lai,Chunting Lang,Shaoping Lin,Simone Cree,Anton Lavrinienko,Lucy Matthews,Jamison McCorrison,Erin Monaghan,Jeong-Hwan Mun,Fares Najar,Christine Nicholson,Céline Noirot,Majesta O’Bleness,C Paule,Julie Poulain,Florent Prion,Baifang Qin,Chunmei Qu,Ernest Retzel,Claire Riddle,Erika Sallet,Sylvie Samain,Nicolas Samson,Iryna Sanders,Olivier Saurat,Claude Scarpelli,Béatrice Ségurens,Andrew Severin,D. Sherrier,Ruihua Shi,Sarah Sims,Susan Singer,Senjuti Sinharoy,Lieven Sterck,Agnès Viollet,Bing Wang,Keqin Wang,Mingyi Wang,Xiaohong Wang,Jens Warfsmann,Jean Weissenbach,Doug White,Jim White,Graham Wiley,Patrick Wincker,Yanbo Xing,Limei Yang,Ziyun Yao,Ying Fu,Jixian Zhai,Liping Zhou,Antoine Zuber,Jean Denarié,Richard Dixon,Gregory May,David Schwartz,Jane Rogers,Françis Quétier,Christopher Town,Bruce Roe,Michael Spannagl
+122 authors
,J. Murray
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Published
Nov 15, 2011
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Abstract

Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.

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