Fur-coated mammals could teach us important lessons about the control of stem cell replication: their skins contain thousands of hair follicles that cycle between growth and rest phases, and somehow all the individual follicle stem cells are programmed to coordinate cell divisions. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their inhibitors have now been identified as central to the control of waves of hair follicle activity. In mice regenerating hair after a close shave, variations in BMP2 and BMP4 production both regulate hair growth in individual follicles and coordinate it with nearby follicles. This pair of signalling molecules also fits the description of chalone, a hypothetical molecule introduced 50 years ago to explain patterned hair growth. This work has implications for carcinogenesis and stem-cell engineering studies, many of which assume that mouse skin stays homogeneous during lengthy experiments. Telogen lag is a delay period where the hair follicle is refractive to signals that stimulate regeneration. Even though this concept has been around for over 50 years, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still poorly understood. This paper shows that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their inhibitors are crucial molecules in controlling hair follicle waves and cycling. In the age of stem cell engineering it is critical to understand how stem cell activity is regulated during regeneration. Hairs are mini-organs that undergo cyclic regeneration throughout adult life1, and are an important model for organ regeneration. Hair stem cells located in the follicle bulge2 are regulated by the surrounding microenvironment, or niche3. The activation of such stem cells is cyclic, involving periodic β-catenin activity4,5,6,7. In the adult mouse, regeneration occurs in waves in a follicle population, implying coordination among adjacent follicles and the extrafollicular environment. Here we show that unexpected periodic expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) and Bmp4 in the dermis regulates this process. This BMP cycle is out of phase with the WNT/β-catenin cycle, thus dividing the conventional telogen into new functional phases: one refractory and the other competent for hair regeneration, characterized by high and low BMP signalling, respectively. Overexpression of noggin, a BMP antagonist, in mouse skin resulted in a markedly shortened refractory phase and faster propagation of the regenerative wave. Transplantation of skin from this mutant onto a wild-type host showed that follicles in donor and host can affect their cycling behaviours mutually, with the outcome depending on the equilibrium of BMP activity in the dermis. Administration of BMP4 protein caused the competent region to become refractory. These results show that BMPs may be the long-sought ‘chalone’ inhibitors of hair growth postulated by classical experiments. Taken together, results presented in this study provide an example of hierarchical regulation of local organ stem cell homeostasis by the inter-organ macroenvironment. The expression of Bmp2 in subcutaneous adipocytes indicates physiological integration between these two thermo-regulatory organs. Our findings have practical importance for studies using mouse skin as a model for carcinogenesis, intra-cutaneous drug delivery and stem cell engineering studies, because they highlight the acute need to differentiate supportive versus inhibitory regions in the host skin.

Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration