Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Peng Jia,Cristiana Abbafati,Kaja Abbas,Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari,Foad Abd-Allah,Ahmed Abdelalim,Mohammad Abdollahi,Ibrahim Abdollahpour,Kedir Abegaz,Hassan Abolhassani,Victor Adekanmbi,Lucas Abreu,Michael Abrigo,Ahmed Abualhasan,Laith Abu‐Raddad,Abdelrahman Abushouk,Maryam Adabi,Abiodun Adeoye,Olatunji Adetokunboh,Davoud Adham,Teklehaimanot Haile,Gina Agarwal,Seyed Aghamir,Anurag Agrawal,Tauseef Ahmad,Keivan Ahmadi,Mehdi Ahmadi,Hamid Ahmadieh,Muktar Ahmed,Temesgen Akalu,Rufus Akinyemi,Tomi Akinyemiju,Blessing Akombi-Inyang,Chisom Akunna,Fares Alahdab,Ziyad Al‐Aly,Khurshid Alam,Shazia Alam,Tahiya Alam,Fahad Alanezi,Turki Alanzi,Biresaw Wassihun,Khalid Alhabib,Muhammad Ali,Saqib Ali,Gianfranco Alicandro,Ahmad Alfaar,Vahid Yazdi‐Feyzabadi,Hesam Alizade,Syed Aljunid,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Amir Almasi‐Hashiani,Hesham Al‐Mekhlafi,Jordi Alonso,Khalid Altirkawi,Mostafa Amini‐Rarani,Fatemeh Amiri,Dickson Amugsi,Robert Ancuceanu,Deanna Anderlini,Jason Anderson,Cătălina Andrei,Tudorel Andrei,Colin Angus,Mina Anjomshoa,Fereshteh Ansari,Sahar Moghaddam,Ippazio Antonazzo,Giancarlo Cesana,Eman Abu‐Gharbieh,Ernoiz Antriyandarti,Davood Anvari,Razique Anwer,Seth Appiah,Jalal Arabloo,Morteza Arab‐Zozani,Filippo Ariani,Bahram Armoon,Johan Ärnlöv,Afsaneh Arzani,Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi,Ali Asadi‐Pooya,Charlie Ashbaugh,Michael Assmus,Zahra Atafar,Desta Atnafu,Maha Atout,Floriane Ausloos,Marcel Ausloos,Beatriz Quintanilla,Getinet Ayano,Martin Ayanore,Samad Azari,Ghasem Azarian,Zelalem Azene,Alaa Badawi,Ashish Badiye,Mohammad Bahrami,Mohammad Heydari,Ahad Bakhtiari,Shankar Bakkannavar,Alberto Baldasseroni,Kylie Ball,Shoshana Ballew,Daniela Balzi,Maciej Banach,Srikanta Banerjee,Agegnehu Bante,Gebre Demoz,Suzanne Barker‐Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Lope Barrero,Celine Barthelemy,Lingkan Barua,Sanjay Basu,Bernhard Baune,Mohsen Bayati,Jacob Becker,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Yannick Béjot,Michellr Bell,Fiona Bennitt,Isabela Benseñor,Kidanemaryam Berhe,Adam Berman,Akshaya Bhagavathula,Bhageerathy Reshmi,Neeraj Bhala,Dinesh Bhandari,Krittika Bhattacharyya,Zulfiqar Bhutta,Ali Bijani,Boris Bikbov,Muhammad Sayeed,Antonio Biondi,Binyam Birhane,Catherine Bisignano,Raaj Biswas,Helen Bitew,Somayeh Bohlouli,Mehdi Bohluli,Alexandra Boon-Dooley,Guilherme Borges,Antonio Borzì,Shiva Borzouei,Cristina Bosetti,Soufiane Boufous,Dejana Braithwaite,Nicholas Breitborde,Susanne Breitner,Hermann Brenner,Paul Briant,Andrey Briko,Н. Брико,Gabrielle Britton,Dana Bryazka,Blair Bumgarner,Katrin Burkart,Richard Burnett,Sharath Nagaraja,Zahid Butt,Florentino Santos,Leah Cahill,Luis Cámera,Ismael Campos‐Nonato,Rosario Cárdenas,Giulia Carreras,Juan Carrero,Félix Carvalho,João Castaldelli-Maia,Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela,Giulio Castelpietra,Franz Castro,Kate Causey,Christopher Cederroth,Kelly Cercy,Ester Cerin,Joht Chandan,Kai‐Lan Chang,Fiona Charlson,Vijay Chattu,Sarika Chaturvedi,Nicolas Cherbuin,Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir,Daniel Cho,Jee-Young Choi,Hanne Christensen,Dinh‐Toi Chu,Michael Chung,Sheng‐Chia Chung,F. Cicuttini,Liliana Ciobanu,Massimo Círillo,Thomas Claßen,Kelly Compton,O. Cooper,Vera Costa,Ewerton Cousin,Richard Cowden,Di Cross,Jessica Fanzo,Saad Dahlawi,Albertino Damasceno,Giovanni Damiani,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,William Dangel,Anna‐Karin Danielsson,Paul Dargan,Aso Darwesh,Ahmad Daryani,Jai Das,Rajat Gupta,José Neves,Claudio Dávila-Cervantes,Dragoş Daviţoiu,Leo Stockfelt,Louisa Degenhardt,Marissa DeLang,Feleke Demeke,Desalegn Demsie,Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez,Nikolaos Dervenis,Govinda Dhungana,Mostafa Dianatinasab,Diana Silva,Daniel Díaz,Zahra Forooshani,Shirin Djalalinia,Hoa Do,Клара Докова,Fariba Dorostkar,Leila Doshmangir,Tim Driscoll,Bruce Duncan,André Durães,Arielle Eagan,David Edvardsson,Nevine Nahas,Iman Sayed,Maha Tantawi,Iffat Elbarazi,Islam Elgendy,Shaimaa El-Jaafary,Iqbal Elyazar,Sophia Emmons‐Bell,Holly Erskine,Sharareh Eskandarieh,Saman Esmaeilnejad,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Arash Etemadi,Atkilt Etisso,Mohammad Farahmand,Mohammad Fareed,Roghiyeh Faridnia,Andrea Farioli,André Faro,Mithila Faruque,Farshad Farzadfar,Nazir Fattahi,Mehdi Fazlzadeh,Valery Feigin,Rachel Feldman,Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Eduarda Fernandes,Giannina Ferrara,Alize Ferrari,Manuela Ferreira,Irina Filip,Florian Fischer,James Fisher,Luísa Flor,Kyle Foreman,Morẹ́nikẹ́ Foláyan,Artem Fomenkov,Lisa Force,Masoud Foroutan,Richard Franklin,Marisa Freitas,Weijia Fu,Takeshi Fukumoto,João Furtado,Mohamed Gad,Emmanuela Gakidou,Silvano Gallus,Alberto García‐Basteiro,William Gardner,М. Титова,Assefa Gebreslassie,Abraham Geremew,Anna Hayoon,Peter Gething,Maryam Ghadimi,Keyghobad Ghadiri,Fatemeh Ghaffarifar,Mansour Ghafourifard,Farhad Ghamari,Ahmad Ghashghaee,Hesam Ghiasvand,Nermin Ghith,Asadollah Gholamian,Rakesh Ghosh,Paramjit Gill,Themba Ginindza,Giorgia Giussani,E. Gnedovskaya,Salime Goharinezhad,Sameer Gopalani,Giuseppe Gorini,Houman Goudarzi,Alessandra Goulart,Felix Greaves,Michal Grivna,Giuseppe Grosso,Mohammed Gubari,H. Gugnani,Rafael Guimarães,Rashid Guled,Gaorui Guo,Yuming Guo,Rajeev Gupta,Tarun Gupta,Beatrix Haddock,Nima Hafezi‐Nejad,Hafiz Suleria,Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian,Arya Haj‐Mirzaian,Brian Hall,Iman Halvaei,Randah Hamadeh,Samer Hamidi,Melanie Hammer,Graeme Hankey,Hamidreza Haririan,Josep Haro,Ahmed Hasaballah,Md. Hasan,Edris Hasanpoor,Abdiwahab Hashi,Soheil Hassanipour,Hadi Hassankhani,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon Hay,Khezar Hayat,Golnaz Heidari,Reza Heidari‐Soureshjani,Hannah Henrikson,Molly Herbert,Claudiu Herţeliu,Fatemeh Heydarpour,Thomas Hird,Hans Kromhout,Ramesh Holla,Praveen Hoogar,H. Hosgood,Naznin Hossain,Mostafa Hosseini,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Mihaela Hostiuc,Sorin Hostiuc,Mowafa Househ,Mohamed Hsaïri,Vivian Hsieh,Guoqing Hu,Kejia Hu,Tanvir Huda,Ayesha Humayun,Chantal Huynh,Bing‐Fang Hwang,Vincent Iannucci,Segun Ibitoye,Nayu Ikeda,Kevin Ikuta,Olayinka Ilesanmi,Irena Ilić,Milena Ilić,Leeberk Inbaraj,Helen Ippolito,Usman Iqbal,Seyed Irvani,Caleb Irvine,Sheikh Islam,Hiroyasu Iso,Rebecca Ivers,Chidozie Iwu,Júlia Pescarini,Ihoghosa Iyamu,Jalil Jaafari,Kathryn Jacobsen,Hussain Jafari,Morteza Jafarinia,Mohammad Jahani,Mihajlo Jakovljević,Farzad Jalilian,Spencer James,Hosna Janjani,Tahereh Javaheri,Javad Javidnia,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Ensiyeh Jenabi,Ravi Jha,Vivekanand Jha,John Ji,Lars Johansson,Oommen John,Yetunde John-Akinola,Catherine Johnson,Jost Jonas,Srinivasan Kannan,Jacek Jozwiak,Mikk Jürisson,Ali Kabir,Zubair Kabir,Hamed Kalani,Rizwan Kalani,Leila Kalankesh,Rohollah Kalhor,Tanuj Kanchan,Neeti Kapoor,Behzad Heibati,André Karch,Mohd Karim,Getachew Kassa,Srinivasa Katikireddi,Gbenga Kayode,Ali Karyani,Peter Keiyoro,Cathleen Keller,Laura Kemmer,Parkes Kendrick,Nauman Khalid,Mohammad Khammarnia,Ejaz Khan,Maseer Khan,Khaled Khatab,Mona Khater,Mahalaqua Khatib,Maryam Khayamzadeh,Salman Khazaei,Christian Kieling,Young‐Eun Kim,Ruth Kimokoti,Adnan Kısa,Sezer Kısa,Mika Kivimäki,Luke Knibbs,Ann Knudsen,Jonathan Kocarnik,Sonali Kochhar,Jacek Kopec,V. Korshunov,Parvaiz Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Moritz Kraemer,Kewal Krishan,Kris Krohn,Barthélémy Defo,G Kumar,Vivek Kumar,Om Kurmi,Dian Kusuma,Carlo Vecchia,Ben Lacey,Dharmesh Lal,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Faris Lami,Iván Landires,Justin Lo,Sinéad Langan,Miriam Levi,Savita Lasrado,Paolo Lauriola,Jeffrey Lazarus,Paul Lee,Shaun Lee,Kate LeGrand,James Leigh,Matilde Leonardi,Haley Lescinsky,Janni Leung,Shanshan Li,Lee‐Ling Lim,Shai Linn,Simin Liu,Yang Liu,Alan López,Jaifred Lopez,Platon Lopukhov,Stefan Lorkowski,Paulo Lotufo,Alton Lu,Alessandra Lugo,Emilie Maddison,Walter Mendoza,M Mahdavi,Morteza Mahmoudi,Azeem Majeed,Afshin Maleki,Shokofeh Maleki,Reza Malekzadeh,Déborah Malta,Abdullah Mamun,Ana Manda,Helena Manguerra,Borhan Mansouri,Mohammad Mansournia,Ana Herrera,Joemer Maravilla,Ashley Marks,Randall Martin,Santi Martini,Francisco Martins‐Melo,Myron Godinho,Zahra Kamiab,Manu Mathur,Shafiu Mohammed,Pallab Maulik,Colm McAlinden,John McGrath,Martin McKee,Mohan Bairwa,Fereshteh Mehri,Kala Mehta,Ziad Memish,Ritesh Menezes,Endalkachew Mengesha,Erkin Мirrakhimov,Seid Mereta,Atte Meretoja,Tuomo Meretoja,Tomislav Meštrović,Bartosz Miazgowski,Tomasz Miazgowski,Irmina Michałek,Ted Miller,Ole Norheim,GK Mini,Mohammad Miri,Andreea Mirică,Hamed Mirzaei,Maryam Mirzaei,Roya Mirzaei,Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh,Awoke Misganaw,Prasanna Mithra,Babak Moazen,Dara Mohammad,Yousef Mohammad,Naser Kamyari,Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani,Noushin Mohammadifard,Reza Mohammadpourhodki,Ammas Mohammed,Hussen Mohammed,Jemal Mohammed,Ali Mokdad,Mariam Molokhia,Lorenzo Monasta,Meghan Mooney,Ghobad Moradi,Masoud Moradi,Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh,Rahmatollah Moradzadeh,Paula Moraga,Lidia Morawska,Joana Morgado-da-Costa,Shane Morrison,Abbas Mosapour,Jonathan Mosser,Simin Mouodi,Seyyed Mousavi,Amin Khaneghah,Erika Ota,Satinath Mukhopadhyay,Erin Mullany,Kamarul Musa,Muthupandian Saravanan,Ashraf Nabhan,Mehdi Naderi,Gabriele Nagel,Mohsen Naghavi,Behshad Naghshtabrizi,Mukhammad Naimzada,Farid Najafi,Vinay Nangia,Jobert Nansseu,Morteza Naserbakht,Vinod Nayak,Ionuţ Negoi,Josephine Ngunjiri,Cuong Nguyen,Huong Nguyen,Michele Nguyen,Yeshambel Nigatu,Molly Nixon,Chukwudi Nnaji,Shuhei Nomura,Mostafa Qorbani,Jean Noubiap,Christoph Nowak,Virginia Núñez-Samudio,Adrian Oƫoiu,Bogdan Oancea,Christopher Odell,Felix Ogbo,In‐Hwan Oh,Emmanuel Okunga,Morteza Oladnabi,Andrew Olagunju,Bolajoko Olusanya,Jacob Olusanya,Muktar Omer,Sok Ong,Obinna Onwujekwe,Heather Orpana,Alberto Ortíz,Osayomwanbo Osarenotor,Frank Osei,Samuel Ostroff,Nikita Otstavnov,Stanislav Otstavnov,Simon Øverland,Mayowa Owolabi,P Mahesh,Jagadish Padubidri,Raffaele Palladino,Anamika Pandey,Charles Parry,Maja Pasovic,Deepak Pasupula,Sangram Patel,Mona Pathak,Scott Patten,George Patton,Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi,Amy Peden,Alyssa Pennini,Veincent Pepito,Emmanuel Peprah,David Pereira,Konrad Pesudovs,Hai Pham,Michael Phillips,Cristiano Piccinelli,Tessa Pilz,М. Пирадов,Meghdad Pirsaheb,Dietrich Plaß,Suzanne Polinder,Kevan Polkinghorne,Constance Pond,Maarten Postma,Hadi Pourjafar,Farshad Pourmalek,Anna Poznańska,Sergio Prada,V. Prakash,Dimas Pribadi,Elisabetta Pupillo,Quazi Zahiruddin,Mohammad Rabiee,Navid Manafi,Amir Radfar,Ata Rafiee,Alberto Raggi,Muhammad Rahman,Ali Rajabpour-Sanati,Fatemeh Rajati,Ivo Rakovac,Pradhum Ram,Kiana Ramezanzadeh,Chhabi Ranabhat,Puja Rao,Sowmya Rao,Vahid Rashedi,Priya Rathi,David Rawaf,Salman Rawaf,Lal Rawal,Reza Rawassizadeh,Ramu Rawat,Christian Razo,Sofia Redford,Robert Reiner,Marissa Reitsma,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Vishnu Renjith,André Renzaho,Serge Resnikoff,Negar Rezaei,Nima Rezaei,Aziz Eftekhari,Phoebe-Anne Rhinehart,Seyed Riahi,Daniel Ribeiro,Daniela Ribeiro,Jennifer Rickard,Juan Rivera,Nicholas Roberts,Sonia Rodríguez‐Ramírez,Leonardo Roever,Luca Ronfani,Robin Room,Gholamreza Roshandel,Gregory Roth,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Enrico Rubagotti,Godfrey Rwegerera,Siamak Sabour,Perminder Sachdev,Basema Saddik,Ehsan Sadeghi,Masoumeh Sadeghi,Reza Saeedi,Yahya Safari,Sare Safi,Saeid Safiri,Rajesh Sagar,Amirhossein Sahebkar,S. Sajadi,Nasir Salam,Hosni Salem,Marwa Salem,Hamideh Salimzadeh,Omar Salman,Joshua Salomon,Zainab Samad,Hossein Kafil,Evanson Sambala,Abdallah Samy,Juan Sanabria,Tania Sánchez-Pimienta,Damian Santomauro,Itamar Santos,João Santos,Milena Santric-Milicevic,Sivan Saraswathy,Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Benn Sartorius,Arash Sarveazad,Brijesh Sathian,Thirunavukkarasu Sathish,Davide Sattin,Sonia Saxena,Lauren Schaeffer,Silvia Schiavolin,Markus Schlaich,María Schmidt,Aletta Schutte,Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos,Falk Schwendicke,Anbissa Senbeta,Subramanian Senthilkumaran,Sadaf Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Marc Serre,Jamileh Shadid,Omid Shafaat,Saeed Shahabi,Amira Shaheen,Masood Shaikh,Ali Shalash,Mehran Shams-Beyranvand,Morteza Shamsizadeh,Kiomars Sharafi,Aziz Sheikh,Abbas Sheikhtaheri,Kenji Shibuya,Kevin Shield,Luz Reynales-Shigematsu,Jae Shin,Min‐Jeong Shin,Rahman Shiri,Reza Shirkoohi,Kerem Shuval,Soraya Siabani,Radosław Sierpiński,Inga Sigfúsdóttir,Rannveig Sigurvinsdóttir,João Silva,Kyle Simpson,Ambrish Singh,Pushpendra Singh,Eirini Skiadaresi,Søren Skou,Valentin Skryabin,Emma Smith,Amin Soheili,Shahin Soltani,Moslem Soofi,Reed Sorensen,Joan Soriano,Muluken Sorrie,Sergey Soshnikov,Ireneous Soyiri,Cory Spencer,Adel Spotin,Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy,Vinay Srinivasan,Jeffrey Stanaway,Caroline Stein,Dan Stein,Caitlyn Steiner,Mark Stokes,Lennert Veerman,Jacob Stubbs,Mu’awiyyah Sufiyan,Rizwan Abdulkader,Gerhard Sulo,Iyad Sultan,Łukasz Szumowski,Karen Tabb,Takahiro Tabuchi,Amir Taherkhani,Masih Tajdini,Ken Takahashi,Jukka Takala,Animut Tamiru,Nuno Taveira,Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi,Mohamad‐Hani Temsah,Getayeneh Tesema,Zemenu Tessema,George Thurston,Hamid Tohidinik,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topór-Mądry,Fotis Topouzis,Mathilde Touvier,Enis Veseli,Bach Tran,Ravensara Travillian,Aristidis Tsatsakis,Lorainne Car,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Riaz Uddin,Chukwuma Umeokonkwo,Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan,Era Upadhyay,Marco Vacante,Pascual Valdéz,Aaron Donkelaar,Tommi Vasankari,Yasser Vasseghian,Yousef Veisani,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Francesco Violante,Vasily Vlassov,Stein Vollset,Theo Vos,Rade Vuković,Yasir Waheed,Mitchell Wallin,Yafeng Wang,Yuan‐Pang Wang,Alexandrea Watson,Jingkai Wei,Melissa Wei,Robert Weintraub,Jordan Weiss,Andrea Werdecker,J. West,Ronny Westerman,Joanna Whisnant,Harvey Whiteford,Kirsten Wiens,Charles Wolfe,Sarah Wozniak,Aimin Wu,Junjie Wu,Sarah Lewington,Gelin Xu,Rixing Xu,Simon Yadgir,Seyed Jabbari,Kazumasa Yamagishi,Mousa Yaminfirooz,Yuichiro Yano,Sanni Yaya,Tomas Yeheyis,Christopher Yilgwan,Mekdes Yilma,Paul Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Mustafa Younis,Theodore Younker,Bahman Yousefi,Zabihollah Yousefi,Abdilahi Yousuf,Chuanhua Yu,Hasan Yusefzadeh,Telma Moghadam,Mohammad Zamani,Maryam Zamanian,Hamed Zandian,Михаил Застрожин,Yunquan Zhang,Zhi‐Jiang Zhang,Jeff Zhao,Xiu‐Ju Zhao,Yingxi Zhao,Maigeng Zhou,Arash Ziapour,Stephanie Zimsen,Michael Bräuer,Ashkan Afshin,Stephen Lim,Peng Zheng,Victor Aboyans,Shailesh Advani,Cyrus Alinia,Vahid Alipour,Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam,Carl Antonio,Catherine Antony,Ismael Campos-Nonato