Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Emmanuela Gakidou,Stephen Lim,Degu Abate,Kalkidan Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Nooshin Abbasi,Hedayat Abbastabar,Foad Abd-Allah,Jemal Abdela,Ahmed Abdelalim,Ibrahim Abdollahpour,Rizwan Abdulkader,Molla Abebe,Abebe Zegeye,Semaw Abera,Olifan Abil,Haftom Abraha,Aklilu Roba,Laith Abu‐Raddad,Niveen Abu-Rmeileh,Manfred Accrombessi,Dilaram Acharya,Pawan Acharya,Abdu Adamu,Akilew Adane,Oladimeji Adebayo,Rufus Adedoyin,Victor Adekanmbi,Zanfina Ademi,Olatunji Adetokunboh,Mina Adib,Amha Admasie,José Adsuar,Kossivi Afanvi,Mohsen Afarideh,Gina Agarwal,Anju Aggarwal,Sargis Aghayan,Anurag Agrawal,Sutapa Agrawal,Alireza Ahmadi,Mehdi Ahmadi,Hamid Ahmadieh,Muktar Ahmed,Amani Aichour,Ibtihel Aichour,Miloud Aichour,Mohammad Akbari,Tomi Akinyemiju,Nadia Akseer,Ziyad Al‐Aly,Ayman Al‐Eyadhy,Hesham Al‐Mekhlafi,Fares Alahdab,Khurshid Alam,Shazia Alam,Tahiya Alam,Alaa Alashi,Seyed Alavian,Kefyalew Alene,Komal Ali,Syed Ali,Mehran Alijanzadeh,Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei,Syed Aljunid,Ala’a Alkerwi,François Alla,Alaa Badawi,Khalid Altirkawi,Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán,Azmeraw Amare,Nahla Anber,Jason Anderson,Cătălina Andrei,Sofia Androudi,Megbaru Animut,Mina Anjomshoa,Mustafa Ansha,Josep Antó,Carl Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Lambert Appiah,Seth Appiah,Jalal Arabloo,Olatunde Aremu,Johan Ärnlöv,Al Artaman,Krishna Aryal,Hamid Asayesh,Zerihun Ataro,Marcel Ausloos,Euripide Avokpaho,Ashish Awasthi,Beatriz Quintanilla,Rakesh Ayer,Ayuk Tambe,Peter Azzopardi,Arefeh Babazadeh,Hamid Badali,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Ayele Geleto,Kylie Ball,Shoshana Ballew,Maciej Banach,Joseph Banoub,Aleksandra Barać,Suzanne Barker‐Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Lope Barrero,Sanjay Basu,Bernhard Baune,Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Masoud Behzadifar,Meysam Behzadifar,Yannick Béjot,Bayu Bekele,Eyasu Bekru,Ezra Belay,Yihalem Belay,Michelle Bell,Aminu Bello,Derrick Bennett,Isabela Benseñor,Gilles Bergeron,Adugnaw Berhane,Eduardo Bernabé,Robert Bernstein,Mircea Beuran,Tina Beyranvand,Neeraj Bhala,Suraj Bhattarai,Zulfiqar Bhutta,Belete Biadgo,Ali Bijani,Boris Bikbov,Ver Bilano,Nigus Bililign,Muhammad Sayeed,Donal Bisanzio,Tuhin Biswas,Tone Bjørge,Brigette Blacker,Archie Bleyer,Rohan Borschmann,Ibrahim Bou-Orm,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert Bourne,Oliver Brady,Michael Bräuer,Nicholas Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Andrey Briko,Gabrielle Britton,Traolach Brugha,Rachelle Buchbinder,Richard Burnett,Reinhard Busse,Zahid Butt,Leah Cahill,Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado,Ismael Campos‐Nonato,Rosario Cárdenas,Giulia Carreras,Juan Carrero,Félix Carvalho,Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela,Jacqueline Rivas,Franz Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Kate Causey,Kelly Cercy,Ester Cerin,Yazan Chaiah,Hsing‐Yi Chang,Jung‐Chen Chang,Kai-Lan Chang,Fiona Charlson,Aparajita Chattopadhyay,Vijay Chattu,Miao Chee,Ching‐Yu Cheng,Adrienne Chew,Peggy Chiang,Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir,Ken Takahashi,Abdulaal Chitheer,Jee Choi,Rajiv Chowdhury,Hanne Christensen,Devasahayam Christopher,Sheng‐Chia Chung,F. Cicuttini,Massimo Círillo,Daniel Collado-Mateo,Cyrus Cooper,O. Cooper,Josef Coresh,Leslie Cornaby,Paolo Cortesi,Monica Cortinovis,Megan Costa,Ewerton Cousin,Benjamin Cowie,Elizabeth Cromwell,David Cundiff,Alemneh Daba,Berihun Dachew,Abel Dadi,Albertino Damasceno,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Sarah Darby,Paul Dargan,Ahmad Daryani,Rajat Gupta,José Neves,Tamirat Dasa,Aditya Dash,Dragoş Daviţoiu,Kairat Davletov,Vanessa Cruz‐Góngora,Fernando Hoz,Leo Stockfelt,Jan‐Walter Neve,Louisa Degenhardt,Selina Deiparine,Gebre Demoz,Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez,Kebede Deribe,Nikolaos Dervenis,Aniruddha Deshpande,Don Jarlais,Getenet Dessie,Gabrielle deVeber,Subhojit Dey,Samath Dharmaratne,Meghnath Dhimal,Mesfin Dinberu,Eric Ding,Helen Diro,Shirin Djalalinia,Huyen Phuc,Клара Докова,David Doku,Kerrie Doyle,Tim Driscoll,Manisha Dubey,Eleonora Dubljanin,Eyasu Duken,Bruce Duncan,André Durães,Natalie Ebert,Hedyeh Ebrahimi,Soheil Ebrahimpour,David Edvardsson,Andem Effiong,Anne Eggen,Charbel Bcheraoui,Ziad El‐Khatib,Iqbal Elyazar,Ahmadali Enayati,Aman Endries,Benjamin Er,Holly Erskine,Sharareh Eskandarieh,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Hamed Fakhim,Mahbobeh Faramarzi,Mohammad Fareed,Talha Farid,Giancarlo Cesana,Andrea Farioli,André Faro,Maryam Farvid,Mohammad Farzaei,Batool Fatima,Kairsten Fay,Ali Fazaeli,Valery Feigin,Andrea Feigl,Seyedmohammad Saadatagah,Eduarda Fernandes,João Fernandes,Giannina Ferrara,Alize Ferrari,Manuela Ferreira,Irina Filip,Jonas Finger,Florian Fischer,Kyle Foreman,Takeshi Fukumoto,Nancy Fullman,Thomas Fürst,João Furtado,Neal Futran,Seana Gall,Silvano Gallus,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Morsaleh Ganji,Alberto García‐Basteiro,William Gardner,Abadi Gebre,Amanuel Gebremedhin,Teklu Gebremichael,Tilayie Gelano,Johanna Geleijnse,Yilma Geramo,Peter Gething,Kebede Gezae,Reza Ghadimi,Keyghobad Ghadiri,Khalil Falavarjani,Maryam Ghasemi‐Kasman,Mamata Ghimire,Rakesh Ghosh,Aloke Ghoshal,Tomasz Grodzicki,Paramjit Gill,Anders Grøntved,Giorgia Giussani,Ibrahim Ginawi,E. Gnedovskaya,William Godwin,Srinivas Goli,Hector Gómez‐Dantés,Philimon Gona,Sameer Gopalani,Alessandra Goulart,Ayman Grada,Morgan Grams,Giuseppe Grosso,H. Gugnani,Yuming Guo,Rahul Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Tanush Gupta,Reyna Gutiérrez,Daniela Gutiérrez‐Torres,Juanita Haagsma,Tesfa Habtewold,Vladimir Hachinski,Nima Hafezi‐Nejad,Tekleberhan Hagos,Tewodros Tesfa,Gessessew Hailu,Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian,Arya Haj‐Mirzaian,Randah Hamadeh,Samer Hamidi,Alexis Handal,Graeme Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda Harb,S Harikrishnan,Josep Haro,Hadi Hassankhani,Hamid Hassen,Rasmus Havmoeller,Caitlin Hawley,Simon Hay,Akbar Hedayatizadeh‐Omran,Behzad Heibati,Behnam Heidari,Mohsen Heidari,Delia Hendrie,Andualem Henok,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Claudiu Herţeliu,Fatemeh Heydarpour,Sousan Heydarpour,Desalegn Hibstu,Tarig Higazi,Esayas Hilawe,Hans Hoek,Howard Hoffman,Michael Hole,Enayatollah Rad,Praveen Hoogar,H. Hosgood,Mostafa Hosseini,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Mihaela Hostiuc,Sorin Hostiuc,Damian Hoy,Mohamed Hsaïri,Thomas Hsiao,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,John Huang,Mamusha Hussen,Chantal Huynh,Kim Iburg,Ana Jelaković,Olayinka Ilesanmi,Usman Iqbal,Seyed Irvani,Caleb Irvine,Sheikh Islam,Farhad Islami,Maria Jackson,Kathryn Jacobsen,Leila Jahangiry,Nader Jahanmehr,Sudhir Jain,Mihajlo Jakovljević,Spencer James,Simerjot Jassal,Achala Jayatilleke,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Ravi Jha,Vivekanand Jha,John Ji,Jost Jonas,Jitendra Jonnagaddala,Zahra Shushtari,Ankur Joshi,Jacek Jozwiak,Mikk Jürisson,Zubair Kabir,Amaha Kahsay,Rizwan Kalani,Tanuj Kanchan,Surya Kant,Chittaranjan Kar,Manoochehr Karami,André Karch,Corine Karema,Narges Karimi,Saeed Karimi,Amir Kasaeian,Dessalegn Kassa,Getachew Kassa,Tesfaye Kassa,Nicholas Kassebaum,Srinivasa Katikireddi,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Zhila Kazemi,Ali Karyani,Adane Kefale,Peter Keiyoro,Grant Kemp,André Kengne,Andre Keren,Chandrasekharan Kesavachandran,Yousef Khader,Behzad Khafaei,Morteza Khafaie,Alireza Khajavi,Nauman Khalid,Fakher Rahim,Gulfaraz Khan,Muhammad Khan,Muhammad Yaqoob,Young‐Ho Khang,Mona Khater,Mohammad Khazaei,Habibolah Khazaie,Abdullah Khoja,Ardeshir Khosravi,Mohammad Khosravi,Ali Kiadaliri,Daniel Kiirithio,Cho-il Kim,Daniel Kim,Young‐Eun Kim,Ruth Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Adnan Kısa,Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek,Mika Kivimäki,Luke Knibbs,Ann Knudsen,Sonali Kochhar,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Tufa Kolola,Jacek Kopec,Soewarta Kosen,Parvaiz Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Michael Kravchenko,Kewal Krishan,Kristopher Krohn,Hans Kromhout,Barthélémy Defo,Burcu Biçer,G Kumar,Manasi Kumar,Ihor Kuzin,Hmwe Kyu,Carl Lachat,Deepesh Lad,Sheetal Lad,Alessandra Lafranconi,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Faris Lami,Justin Lang,Van Lansingh,Samantha Larson,Arman Latifi,Jeffrey Lazarus,Paul Lee,James Leigh,Mostafa Leili,Cheru Leshargie,Janni Leung,Miriam Levi,Sonia Lewycka,Shanshan Li,Li Y,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Yu Liao,Misgan Liben,Lee‐Ling Lim,Shai Linn,Simin Liu,Giancarlo Logroscino,Alan López,Stefan Lorkowski,Paulo Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Tim Lucas,Raimundas Lunevičius,Stefan Ma,Erlyn Macarayan,Ísis Machado,Fabiana Madotto,Hue Thi,Marek Majdán,Reza Majdzadeh,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Déborah Malta,Abdullah Mamun,Ana Manda,Helena Manguerra,Mohammad Mansournia,LG Mantovani,Joemer Maravilla,Wagner Marcenes,Ashley Marks,Randall Martin,Sheila Martins,Francisco Martins‐Melo,Winfried März,Melvin Marzan,Benjamin Massenburg,Manu Mathur,Prashant Mathur,Shafiu Mohammed,Pallab Maulik,Mohsen Mazidi,Colm McAlinden,John McGrath,Martin McKee,Ravi Mehrotra,Kala Mehta,Editorial Team,Toni Meier,Fantahun Mekonnen,Yohannes Melaku,Addisu Melese,Mulugeta Melku,Peter Memiah,Ziad Memish,Walter Mendoza,Desalegn Mengistu,George Mensah,Gert Mensink,Seid Mereta,Atte Meretoja,Tuomo Meretoja,Tomislav Meštrović,Haftay Mezgebe,Bartosz Miazgowski,Tomasz Miazgowski,Anoushka Millear,Ted Miller,Molly Miller-Petrie,GK Mini,Mojde Mirarefin,Andreea Mirică,Erkin Мirrakhimov,Awoke Misganaw,Habtamu Mitiku,Babak Moazen,Bahram Mohajer,Karzan Mohammad,Moosa Mohammadi,George Moschonis,Mousa Mohammadnia‐Afrouzi,Farnam Mohebi,Ali Mokdad,Mariam Molokhia,Fatemeh Momeniha,Lorenzo Monasta,Yoshan Moodley,Ghobad Moradi,Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh,Mehdi Moradinazar,Paula Moraga,Lidia Morawska,Joana Morgado-da-Costa,Shane Morrison,Marilita Moschos,Simin Mouodi,Seyyed Mousavi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Kalayu Mruts,Achenef Muche,Kindie Muchie,Erika Ota,Oumer Muhammed,Satinath Mukhopadhyay,Kate Muller,Kamarul Musa,Ghulam Mustafa,Ashraf Nabhan,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Azin Nahvijou,Gurudatta Naik,Nitish Naik,Farid Najafi,Vinay Nangia,Jobert Nansseu,Bruno Nascimento,Bruce Neal,Nahid Neamati,Ionuţ Negoi,Ruxandra Negoi,Subas Neupane,Charles Newton,Josephine Ngunjiri,Nguyễn Anh,Grant Nguyen,Ha Nguyen,Huong Nguyen,Michele Nguyen,Nam Nguyen,Emma Nichols,Jing Nie,Dina Ningrum,Yirga Nirayo,Nobuo Nishi,Molly Nixon,Marzieh Nojomi,Shuhei Nomura,Ole Norheim,Mehdi Noroozi,Mostafa Qorbani,Jean Noubiap,Hamid Nouri,Malihe Shiadeh,Mohammad Nowroozi,Elaine Nsoesie,Peter Nyasulu,Carla Obermeyer,Christopher Odell,Richard Ofori‐Asenso,Felix Ogbo,In‐Hwan Oh,Olanrewaju Oladimeji,Andrew Olagunju,Tinuke Olagunju,Pedro Olivares,Helen Olsen,Bolajoko Olusanya,Jacob Olusanya,Sok Ong,Eyal Oren,Heather Orpana,Alberto Ortíz,Stanislav Otstavnov,Simon Øverland,Mayowa Owolabi,P Mahesh,Rosana Norman,Abhijit Pakhare,Amir Pakpour,Adrian Pană,Eun‐Kee Park,Charles Parry,Hadi Parsian,Shanti Patel,Sanghamitra Pati,Snehal Patil,Ajay Patle,George Patton,Deepak Paudel,Katherine Paulson,Wayra Ballesteros,Neil Pearce,Ozren Polašek,David Pereira,Norberto Perico,Konrad Pesudovs,Max Petzold,Hai Pham,Michael Phillips,Julian Pillay,М. Пирадов,Meghdad Pirsaheb,Tobias Pischon,Farhad Pishgar,Oleguer Plana‐Ripoll,Dietrich Plaß,Suzanne Polinder,Kevan Polkinghorne,Maarten Postma,Richie Poulton,Akram Pourshams,Manu Raj,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Swayam Prakash,Narayan Prasad,Caroline Purcell,Manorama Purwar,Amir Radfar,Anwar Rafay,Alireza Rafiei,Zohreh Rahimi,Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar,Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar,Mahfuzar Rahman,Mohammad Rahman,Muhammad Rahman,Rajesh Kumar,Fatemeh Rajati,Saša Rajšić,Sree Raju,Usha Ram,Chhabi Ranabhat,Prabhat Ranjan,Goura Rath,David Rawaf,Salman Rawaf,K. Reddy,Colin Rehm,Jürgen Rehm,Robert Reiner,Marissa Reitsma,Giuseppe Remuzzi,André Renzaho,Serge Resnikoff,Luz Reynales-Shigematsu,Satar Rezaei,Antonio Jimeno,Juan Rivera,Kedir Roba,Sonia Rodríguez‐Ramírez,Leonardo Roever,Yesenia Román,Luca Ronfani,Gholamreza Roshandel,Ali Rostami,Gregory Roth,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Ambuj Roy,Enrico Rubagotti,Jonathan Silverberg,Charumathi Sabanayagam,Perminder Sachdev,Basema Saddik,Ehsan Sadeghi,Sahar Moghaddam,Hosein Safari,Yahya Safari,Roya Safari‐Faramani,Mahdi Safdarian,Sare Safi,Saeid Safiri,Rajesh Sagar,Amirhossein Sahebkar,Mohammad Sahraian,Haniye Sajadi,Nasir Salam,Zikria Saleem,Yahya Salimi,Hamideh Salimzadeh,Joshua Salomon,Devashri Salvi,Inbal Salz,Abdallah Samy,Juan Sanabria,María Sánchez-Niño,Tania Sánchez-Pimienta,Taren Sanders,Tien Wong,Damian Santomauro,Itamar Santos,João Santos,Milena Santric-Milicevic,Bruno José,Mayank Sardana,Abdur Sarker,Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Benn Sartorius,Shahabeddin Sarvi,Brijesh Sathian,Maheswar Satpathy,Arundhati Sawant,Monika Sawhney,Mete Şaylan,Mehdi Sayyah,Elke Schaeffner,María Schmidt,Ione Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Aletta Schutte,Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos,Falk Schwendicke,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Mario Šekerija,Sadaf Sepanlou,Marc Serre,Edson Serván‐Mori,Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi,Hosein Shabaninejad,Gavin Shaddick,Azadeh Shafieesabet,Mehdi Shahbazi,Amira Shaheen,Teresa Levy,Mehran Shams-Beyranvand,Neda Izadi,Heidar Sharafi,Kiomars Sharafi,Mehdi Sharif,Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini,Hamid Sharifi,Jayendra Sharma,Meenakshi Sharma,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Aziz Sheikh,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Mekonnen Sisay,Min‐Jeong Shin,Rahman Shiri,Reza Shirkoohi,Ivy Shiue,Farhad Shokraneh,Haitham Shoman,Mark Shrime,Matthew Shupler,Si Si,Soraya Siabani,Abla Sibai,Tariq Siddiqi,Inga Sigfúsdóttir,Rannveig Sigurvinsdóttir,Diego Silva,João Silva,Dayane Silveira,Jasvinder Singh,Narinder Singh,Virendra Singh,Dhirendra Sinha,Eirini Skiadaresi,Vegard Skirbekk,David Smith,Mari Smith,Badr Sobaih,Soheila Sobhani,Ranjani Somayaji,Moslem Soofi,Reed Sorensen,Joan Soriano,Ireneous Soyiri,Angela Spinelli,Luciano Sposato,Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy,Vinay Srinivasan,В. Стародубов,Olalekan Uthman,Dan Stein,Murray Stein,Goran Stevanović,Mark Stokes,Lela Sturua,Michelle Subart,Agus Sudaryanto,Mu’awiyyah Sufiyan,Gerhard Sulo,Bruno Sunguya,Patrick Sur,Bryan Sykes,Cassandra Szoeke,Takahiro Tabuchi,Santosh Tadakamadla,Nikhil Tandon,Segen Tassew,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Nuno Taveira,Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi,T. Tekalign,Shishay Tekelemedhin,Merhawi Tekle,Habtamu Temesgen,Mohamad‐Hani Temsah,Omar Temsah,Abdullah Terkawi,Belay Tessema,Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin,Giang Vu,Andrew Theis,Thirunavukkarasu Sathish,Hannah Thomas,Matthew Thomas,Nihal Thomas,George Thurston,Binyam Tilahun,Taavi Tillmann,Quyen To,Myriam Tobollik,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topór-Mądry,Anna‐Karin Danielsson,Miguel Tortajada‐Girbés,Mathilde Touvier,Marcos Tovani‐Palone,Pengpeng Ye,Bach Tran,Khanh Tran,Thomas Truelsen,Nu Truong,Afewerki Tsadik,Lorainne Car,E. Tuzcu,Hayley Tymeson,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Kingsley Ukwaja,Irfan Ullah,Rachel Updike,Muhammad Usman,Muthiah Vaduganathan,Afsane Vaezi,Pascual Valdéz,Aaron Donkelaar,Elena Varavikova,Santosh Varughese,Tommi Vasankari,Vidhya Venkateswaran,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Santos Villafaina,Francesco Violante,Sergey Vladimirov,Vasily Vlassov,Stein Vollset,Theo Vos,Kia Vosoughi,Isidora Vujcic,Fasil Wagnew,Yasir Waheed,Stephen Waller,Judd Walson,Yafeng Wang,Yanping Wang,Yuan‐Pang Wang,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert Weintraub,Fitsum Weldegebreal,Andrea Werdecker,Adhena Werkneh,J. West,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,Justyna Widecka,Tissa Wijeratne,Andrea Winkler,Alison Wiyeh,Charles Wiysonge,Charles Wolfe,Shouling Wu,Denis Xavier,Gelin Xu,Simon Yadgir,Ali Yadollahpour,Seyed Jabbari,Tomohide Yamada,Lijing Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Mehdi Yaseri,Yasin Yasin,Alex Yeshaneh,Ebrahim Yimer,Paul Yip,Engida Yisma,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok‐Jun Yoon,Marcel Yotebieng,Mustafa Younis,Mahmoud Yousefifard,Chuanhua Yu,Zoubida Zaidi,Sojib Zaman,Mohammad Zamani,Luis Zavala‐Arciniega,Anthony Zhang,Hao Zhang,Kai Zhang,Maigeng Zhou,Stephanie Zimsen,Sanjay Zodpey,Christopher Murray,Young-Ho Khang,Kanyin Ong