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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1

Authors
Daniel Klionsky,Amal Abdel‐Aziz
Sara Abdelfatah,Mahmoud Abdellatif,Asghar Abdoli,Steffen Abel,Hagai Abeliovich,Marie Abildgaard,Yakubu Abudu,Abraham Acevedo‐Arozena,Iannis Adamopoulos,Khosrow Adeli,Timon Adolph,Annagrazia Adornetto,Elma Aflaki,Galila Agam,Anupam Agarwal,Bharat Aggarwal,Maria Agnello,Patrizia Agostinis,Javed Agrewala,Alexander Agrotis,Patricia Aguilar,S. Ahmad,Zubair Ahmed,Ulises Ahumada-Castro,Sonja Aits,Shu Aizawa,Yunus Akkoç,Tonia Akoumianaki,Hafize Akpinar,Ahmed Al‐Abd,Lina Al-Akra,Abeer Gharaibeh,Moulay Alaoui‐Jamali,Simon Alberti,Elísabet Alcocer‐Gómez,C. Alessandri,Muhammad Ali,Md. Al‐Bari,Saeb Aliwaini,Javad Alizadeh,Eugènia Almacellas,Alexandru Almasan,Alicia Alonso,G. Alonso,Nihal Altan‐Bonnet,Dario Altieri,Élida Álvarez,Sara Alves,Cristine Costa,Mazen Alzaharna,Marialaura Amadio,Consuelo Amantini,Cristina Amaral,Susanna Ambrosio,Amal Amer,Veena Ammanathan,Zhenyi An,Stig Andersen,Shaida Andrabi,Magaiver Andrade-Silva,Allen Andres,Sabrina Angelini,David Ann,Uche Anozie,Mohammad Ansari,Pedro Antas,Adam Antebi,Zuriñe Antón,Tahira Anwar,Lionel Apétoh,Nadezda Apostolova,Toshiyuki Araki,Yasuhiro Araki,Kohei Arasaki,Wagner Araújo,Jun Araya,Catherine Arden,María‐Ángeles Arévalo,Sandro Argüelles,Esperanza Arias,Jyothi Arikkath,Hirokazu Arimoto,Aileen Ariosa,Darius Armstrong‐James,Laetitia Pelloquin,Ángeles Aroca,Daniela Arroyo,Ivica Arsov,Rubén Artero,Dalia Asaro,Michael Aschner,Milad Ashrafizadeh,Osnat Ashur‐Fabian,Atanas Atanasov,Alicia Au,Patrick Auberger,Holger Auner,Laure Aurelian,Riccardo Autelli,Laura Avagliano,Yenniffer Ávalos,Sanja Aveic,Célia Aveleira,Tamar Avin‐Wittenberg,Yücel Aydın,Scott Ayton,Srinivas Ayyadevara,Maria Azzopardi,Misuzu Baba,Jonathan Backer,Steven Backues,Dong-Hun Bae,Ok‐Nam Bae,Soo Bae,Andrea Ballabio,Ahruem Baek,Seung‐Hoon Baek,Sung Baek,Giacinto Bagetta,Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna,Hua Bai,Jie Bai,Xiyuan Bai,Yidong Bai,Nandadulal Bairagi,Shounak Baksi,Teresa Balbi,Cosima Baldari,Walter Balduini,María Ballester,Salma Balazadeh,Rena Balzan,Rina Bandopadhyay,Sreeparna Banerjee,Sulagna Banerjee,Ágnes Bánréti,Yan Bao,Maurı́cio Baptista,Alessandra Baracca,Cristiana Barbati,Ariadna Bargiela,Daniela Barilà,Peter Barlow,Sami Barmada,Esther Barreiro,George Barreto,Jiří Bártek,Bonnie Bartel,Alberto Bartolomé,Gaurav Barve,Suresh Basagoudanavar,Diane Bassham,Christian Behrends,Alakananda Basu,Henri Batoko,Isabella Batten,E.E. Baulieu,Bradley Baumgarner,Jagadeesh Bayry,Rupert Beale,Isabelle Beau,Florian Beaumatin,Luiz Bechara,George Beck,Michael Beers,Jakob Begun,Georg Behrens,Roberto Bei,Eloy Bejarano,Shai Bel,Christian Behl,Amine Belaïd,Naïma Belgareh‐Touzé,Cristina Bellarosa,Francesca Belleudi,Melissa Belló-Pérez,Raquel Bello-Morales,Jackeline Beltran,Sebastián Beltran,Doris Benbrook,Mykolas Bendorius,Bruno Benítez,Irene Benito‐Cuesta,Julien Bensalem,Martin Berchtold,Sabina Berezowska,Daniele Bergamaschi,Matteo Bergami,Andreas Bergmann,Laura Berliocchi,Clarisse Berlioz‐Torrent,Amélie Bernard,Lionel Berthoux,Cagri Besirli,Sébastien Besteiro,Virginie Betin,Rudi Beyaert,Jelena Bezbradica,Kiran Bhaskar,Ingrid Bhatia‐Kiššová,Resham Bhattacharya,Sujoy Bhattacharya,Shalmoli Bhattacharyya,Md. Bhuiyan,Sujit Bhutia,Lanrong Bi,Xiaolin Bi,Trevor Biden,Krikor Bijian,Viktor Billes,Nadine Binart,Cláudia Bincoletto,Åsa Birgisdottir,Geir Bjørkøy,Gonzalo Blanco,Ana Blas‐García,Janusz Błasiak,Robert Blomgran,Klas Blomgren,Janice Blum,Emilio Boada-Romero,Mirta Boban,Kathleen Boesze‐Battaglia,Philippe Boeuf,Barry Boland,Pascale Bomont,Paolo Bonaldo,Srinivasa Bonam,Laura Bonfili,Juan Bonifacino,Brian Boone,Martin Bootman,Matteo Bordi,Christoph Borner,Beat Bornhäuser,Gautam Borthakur,Jürgen Bosch,Santanu Bose,Luís Botana,Juan Botas,Chantal Boulanger,Michael Boulton,Mathieu Bourdenx,Benjamin Bourgeois,Nollaig Bourke,Guilhem Bousquet,Patricia Boya,Peter Bozhkov,Luiz Bozi,Tolga Bozkurt,Doug Brackney,Christian Brandts,Ralf Braun,Gerhard Braus,Roberto Bravo,José Pedro,Patrick Brest,Marie-Agnès Bringer,Alfredo Briones‐Herrera,V. Broaddus,Peter Brodersen,Jeffrey Brodsky,Steven Brody,Paola Bronson,Jeff Bronstein,Carolyn Brown,Rhoderick Brown,Patrı́cia Brum,John Brumell,Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri,Daniele Bruno,Robert Bryson‐Richardson,Cecilia Bucci,Carmen Buchrieser,Marta Bueno,Laura Buitrago‐Molina,Simone Buraschi,Shilpa Buch,J. Buchan,Erin Buckingham,Hikmet Budak,Mauricio Budini,Geert Bultynck,Florin Burada,Joseph Burgoyne,María Burón,Victor Bustos,Sabrina Büttner,Elena Butturini,Aaron Byrd,Isabel Cabas,Sandra Cabrera,Ken Cadwell,Jingjing Cai,Lu Cai,Qian Cai,Montserrat Cairó,J. Calbet,Guy Caldwell,Jarrod Call,Riccardo Calvani,Ana Calvo,Miguel Calvo‐Rubio,Niels Câmara,Jacques Camonis,Nadine Camougrand,Michelangelo Campanella,Edward Campbell,François‐Xavier Campbell‐Valois,Silvia Campello,Ilaria Campesi,Juliane Campos,Olivier Camuzard,Jorge Cancino,Danilo Almeida,Laura Canesi,Isabella Caniggia,Barbara Canonico,Carles Cantı́,Bin Cao,Michele Caraglia,B. Caramés,Evie Carchman,Elena Cardenal‐Muñoz,César Cárdenas,Luis Cárdenas,Sandra Cardoso,Jennifer Carew,Georges Carle,Gillian Carleton,Silvia Carloni,Didac Carmona‐Gutiérrez,Letícia Carneiro,Oliana Carnevali,Julian Carosi,Serena Carra,Alice Carrier,Lucie Carrier,Bernadette Carroll,A. Carter,Andreia Carvalho,Magali Casanova,Caty Casas,Josefina Casas,Chiara Cassioli,Eliseo Castillo,Karen Castillo,Sonia Castillo‐Lluva,Francesca Castoldi,Marco Castori,Ariel Castro,Margarida Castro‐Caldas,Javier Castro‐Hernández,Susana Castro-Obregón,Sergio Catz,Cláudia Cavadas,Federica Cavaliere,Gabriella Cavallini,Maria Cavinato,María Cayuela,Paula Rica,Valentina Cecarini,Francesco Cecconi,Marzanna Cechowska‐Pasko,Simone Cenci,Victòria Ceperuelo‐Mallafré,João Cerqueira,Janete Cerutti,Davide Cervia,Vildan Çetintaş,Silvia Cetrullo,Han‐Jung Chae,Andrei Chagin,Chee‐Yin Chai,Gopal Chakrabarti,Oishee Chakrabarti,Tapas Chakraborty,Trinad Chakraborty,Mounia Chami,Georgios Chamilos,David Chan,Edmond Chan,Edward Chan,Ho Chan,Hei Chan,Hung Chan,Matthew Chan,Yau Chan,Partha Chandra,Chih‐Peng Chang,Chunmei Chang,Hao‐Chun Chang,Kai Chang,Jie Chao,Tracey Chapman,Nicolas Charlet‐Berguerand,Samrat Chatterjee,Shail Chaube,Anu Chaudhary,Santosh Chauhan,Edward Chaum,Frédéric Checler,Michael Cheetham,Chang‐Shi Chen,Guang‐Chao Chen,Jian‐Fu Chen,Liam Chen,Leilei Chen,Lin Chen,Mingliang Chen,Mu‐Kuan Chen,Ning Chen,Quan Chen,Ruey‐Hwa Chen,Shi Chen,Wei Chen,Wei‐Qiang Chen,Xinming Chen,Xiongwen Chen,Xu Chen,Yan Chen,Ye‐Guang Chen,Heesun Cheong,Yongqiang Chen,Yu-Jen Chen,Yue‐Qin Chen,Zhefan Chen,Zhi Chen,Zhihua Chen,Zhijian Chen,Russ Chess‐Williams,Hanhua Cheng,Jun Cheng,Shi‐Yuan Cheng,Wei Cheng,Xiaodong Cheng,Xiu‐Tang Cheng,Yiyun Cheng,Zhiyong Cheng,Zhong Chen,Jit Cheong,Boris Chernyak,Sara Cherry,Chi Cheung,Chun Cheung,King‐Ho Cheung,Éric Chevet,Richard Jacques,Aks Chiang,Ferdinando Chiaradonna,Roberto Chiarelli,M Chiariello,Nathalia Chica,Susanna Chiocca,Mario Chiong,Shih‐Hwa Chiou,Abhilash Chiramel,Valerio Chiurchiù,Vinay Choubey,Seong‐Kyu Choe,Augustine Choi,Mary Choi,Kamalika Choudhury,Norman Chow,Charleen Chu,Jason Chua,John Chua,Hyewon Chung,Kin Chung,Seockhoon Chung,So‐Hyang Chung,Yuen-Li Chung,Valentina Cianfanelli,Iwona Ciechomska,Mariana Cifuentes,Laura Cinque,Sebahattin Çırak,Mara Cirone,Sergio Comincini,Robert Clarke,Emilio Clementi,Eliana Coccia,Patrice Codogno,Ehud Cohen,Mickaël Cohen,Tania Colasanti,Fiorella Colasuonno,Robert Colbert,Anna Colell,Miodrag Čolić,Núria Coll,Mark Collins,Marı́a Colombo,Daniel Colón‐Ramos,Lydie Combaret,Márcia Cominetti,Antonella Consiglio,A. Conte,Fabrizio Conti,Viorica Contu,Mark Cookson,Kevin Coombs,Isabelle Coppens,Maria Corasaniti,Dale Corkery,Nils Cordes,Katia Cortese,Maria Costa,Sarah Costantino,Paola Costelli,Peter Crack,José Crespo,Alfredo Criollo,V. Crippa,R. Cristofani,Tamás Csizmadia,Antonio Cuadrado,Bing Cui,Jun Cui,Yixian Cui,Yong Cui,Emmanuel Culetto,Andrea Cumino,Andrey Cybulsky,Mark Czaja,Stanisław Czuczwar,Stefania D’Adamo,Marcello D’Amelio,Daniela D’Arcangelo,Andrew D’Lugos,Gabriella D’Orazi,James Silva,Hormos Dafsari,Ruben Dagda,Yasin Dagdas,Maria Daglia,Yu Dai,Yun Dai,Yuyuan Dai,Jessica Col,Paul Dalhaimer,Luisa Valle,Tobias Dallenga,Guillaume Dalmasso,Markus Daμμe,Ilaria Dando,Nico Dantuma,April Darling,Hiranmoy Das,Srinivasan Dasarathy,Santosh Dasari,S. Dash,Oliver Daumke,Adrian Dauphinee,Jeffrey Davies,Valeria Dávila,Roger Davis,Tanja Davis,Sharadha Naidu,Francesca Amicis,Karolien Bosscher,Francesca Felice,Lucia Franceschi,Chiara Leonibus,Mayara Barbosa,Guido Meyer,Angelo Milito,Cosimo Nunzio,Clara Palma,Mauro Santi,Claudio Virgilio,Daniela Zio,Jayanta Debnath,Brian DeBosch,Jean-Paul Decuypere,Mark Deehan,Gianluca Deflorian,James DeGregori,Benjamin Dehay,Gabriel Rio,Joe Delaney,Lea Delbridge,Elizabeth Delorme‐Axford,M. Delpino,Francesca Demarchi,Vilma Dembitz,Nicholas Demers,Hongbin Deng,Zhiqiang Deng,Jörn Dengjel,Paul Dent,Donna Denton,Michael Leffak,Channing Der,Vojo Deretić,Albert Descoteaux,Laura Devis,Sushil Devkota,Olivier Devuyst,Grant Dewson,Mahendiran Dharmasivam,Rohan Dhiman,Diego Bernardo,Manlio Cristina,Fabio Domenico,Pietro Fazio,Alessio Fonzo,Giovanni Guardo,Gianni Guglielmo,Luca Leo,Chiara Malta,Alessia Nardo,Martina Rienzo,Federica Sano,George Diallinas,Jiajie Diao,Guillermo Díaz‐Araya,Inés Dı́az-Laviada,Jared Dickinson,Marc Diederich,Mélanie Dieudé,Ivan Đikić,Shiping Ding,Victor Dosenko,Luciana Dini,Jelena Dinić,Miroslav Dinić,Albena Dinkova‐Kostova,Marc Dionne,Jörg Distler,Abhinav Diwan,Ian Dixon,Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny,Ina Dobrinski,Oxana Dobrovinskaya,Radek Dobrowolski,Renwick Dobson,Jelena Đokić,Serap Emre,Massimo Donadelli,Bo Dong,Xiaonan Dong,Zhiwu Dong,Gerald Dorn,Volker Dötsch,Huan Dou,Juan Dou,Moataz Dowaidar,Sami Dridi,Liat Drucker,Ailian Du,Caigan Du,Guangwei Du,Hai‐Ning Du,Li‐Lin Du,André Toit,Shao-Bin Duan,Xiaoqiong Duan,Sónia Duarte,Anna Dubrovska,Elaine Dunlop,Nicolas Dupont,Raúl Durán,Bilikere Dwarakanath,Sergey Dyshlovoy,Darius Ebrahimi‐Fakhari,Leopold Eckhart,Charles Edelstein,Thomas Efferth,Eftekhar Eftekharpour,Ludwig Eichinger,Nabil Eid,Tobias Eisenberg,Anna‐Mart Engelbrecht,Sanaa Eissa,Miriam Ejarque,Abdeljabar Andaloussi,Nazira El‐Hage,Shahenda El‐Naggar,Anna Eleuteri,Eman El‐Shafey,Audrey Esclatine,Aristides Eliopoulos,María Elizalde,Philip Elks,Hans‐Peter Elsässer,Eslam Elsherbiny,Brooke Emerling,N. Emre,Christina Eng,Nikolai Engedal,Agnete Svendsen,Jorrit Enserink,Ricardo Escalante,Mafalda Escobar‐Henriques,Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen,Lucile Espert,Makandjou-Ola Eusebio,Gemma Fabriàs,Cinzia Fabrizi,Antonio Facchiano,Francesco Facchiano,Bengt Fadeel,Claudio Fader,Alex Faesen,W. Fairlie,Alberto Falcó,Björn Falkenburger,Daping Fan,Jie Fan,Yanbo Fan,Evandro Fang,Yanshan Fang,Yognqi Fang,Manolis Fanto,Tamar Farfel‐Becker,Mathias Faure,Gholamreza Fazeli,Anthony Fedele,Arthur Feldman,Du Feng,Jiachun Feng,Lifeng Feng,Yibin Feng,Yuchen Feng,Wei Feng,Thaís Araujo,Thomas Ferguson,Álvaro Fernández,José Fernández‐Checa,Sonia Fernández‐Veledo,Alisdair Fernie,Anthony Ferrante,Alessandra Ferraresi,M Ferrari,Julio Ferreira,Susan Ferro‐Novick,António Figueras,Riccardo Filadi,Nicoletta Filigheddu,Eduardo Filippi‐Chiela,Giuseppe Filomeni,Gian Fimia,Vittorio Fineschi,Francesca Finetti,Steven Finkbeiner,Edward Fisher,Paul Fisher,Flavio Flamigni,Steven Fliesler,Trude Flo,Ida Florance,Oliver Florey,Tullio Florio,Erika Fodor,Carlo Follo,Edward Fon,Antonella Forlino,Francesco Fornai,Paola Fortini,Anna Fracassi,Alessandro Fraldi,Brunella Franco,Rodrigo Franco,Flavia Franconi,Lisa Frankel,Scott Friedman,Leopold Fröhlich,Gema Frühbeck,José Fuentes,Yukio Fujiki,Naonobu Fujita,Yuuki Fujiwara,Mitsunori Fukuda,Simone Fulda,Luc Furic,Norihiko Furuya,Carmela Fusco,Michaela Gack,Lidia Gaffke,Sehamuddin Galadari,Alessia Galasso,Marı́a Galindo,Sachith Kankanamalage,Lorenzo Galluzzi,Eriko Fujita,Noor Gammoh,Boyi Gan,Ian Ganley,Feng Gao,Hui Gao,Minghui Gao,Ping Gao,Shou‐Jiang Gao,Wentao Gao,Xiaobo Gao,Ana Garcerá,María Garcia,Verónica García,Francisco Portillo,Vega García‐Escudero,Aracely García‐García,Marina García‐Macía,Diana García‐Moreno,Carmen García‐Ruiz,Patricia García‐Sanz,Abhishek Garg,Ricardo Gargini,Tina Garofalo,Robert Garry,Nils Gassen,Damián Gatica,Liang Ge,Wanzhong Ge,Ruth Geiss‐Friedlander,Cecilia Gelfi,Pascal Genschik,Ian Gentle,Valeria Gerbino,Christoph Gerhardt,Kyla Germain,Spencer Gibson,Michael Ginger,Elham Afshar,Saeid Ghavami,Alessandra Ghigo,Manosij Ghosh,Georgios Giamas,Claudia Giampietri,Alexandra Giatromanolaki,Gary Gibson,Vanessa Ginet,Edward Giniger,Carlotta Giorgi,Henrique Girão,Stephen Girardin,Mridhula Giridharan,Sandy Giuliano,Cecilia Giulivi,Sylvie Giuriato,Julien Giustiniani,Alexander Gluschko,Veit Goder,Alexander Goginashvili,Jakub Gołąb,David Goldstone,Anna Golebiewska,Luciana Gomes,Rodrigo Gomez,Rubén Gómez‐Sánchez,Maria Gomez‐Puerto,Raquel Gómez‐Sintes,Qingqiu Gong,Félix Goñi,Javier González‐Gallego,Tomás González‐Hernández,Rosa González‐Polo,José González‐Reyes,Patricia González-Rodríguez,Ing Goping,Marina Gorbatyuk,Philippe Gual,Kıvanç Görgülü,Roxana Gorojod,Sharon Gorski,Sandro Goruppi,Cecilia Gotor,Roberta Gottlieb,Illana Gozes,Devrim Gözüaçık,Martin Graef,Markus Gräler,Veronica Granatiero,Daniel Grasso,Joshua Gray,Douglas Green,Alexander Greenhough,Stephen Gregory,Edward Griffin,Mark Grinstaff,Frédéric Gros,Charles Grose,Angelina Gross,Флориан Грубер,Paolo Grumati,Tilman Grune,Xueyan Gu,Jun‐Lin Guan,Carlos Guardia,Kishore Guda,Flora Guerra,Consuelo Guerri,Prasun Guha,Carlos Guillén,Shashi Gujar,Hisashi Ashida,Ilya Gukovsky,Jan Gunst,Andreas Günther,Anyonya Guntur,Chuanyong Guo,Chun Guo,Hongqing Guo,Lian‐Wang Guo,Muxing Guo,Pawan Gupta,Shashi Gupta,Swapnil Gupta,Veer Gupta,Vivek Gupta,Åsa Gustafsson,David Gutterman,Ranjitha H.B.,Annakaisa Haapasalo,James Haber,Aleksandra Hać,Shinji Hadano,Anders Hafrén,Mansour Haidar,Belinda Hall,Gunnel Halldén,Anne Hamacher‐Brady,Andréa Hamann,Maho Hamasaki,Weidong Han,Malene Hansen,Phyllis Hanson,Zijian Hao,Masaru Harada,Ljubica Harhaji‐Trajkovic,Nirmala Hariharan,Nigil Haroon,James Harris,Takafumi Hasegawa,Noor Nagoor,Jeffrey Haspel,Volker Haucke,Wayne Hawkins,Bruce Hay,Cole Haynes,Soren Hayrabedyan,Thomas Hays,Congcong He,Qin He,Rong‐Rong He,You‐Wen He,Yu‐Ying He,Yasser Heakal,Alexander Heberle,J. Hejtmancik,G. Helgason,Vanessa Henkel,Marc Herb,Alexander Hergovich,Anna Herman-Antosiewicz,Agustín Hernández,Carlos Hernández,Sergio Hernández-Díaz,Jaume Bosch,Amaury Herpin,Judit Herreros,Javier Hervás,Daniel Hesselson,Claudio Hetz,Volker Heussler,Yujiro Higuchi,Sabine Hilfiker,J. Taylor,William Hlavacek,Emmanuel Ho,Idy Ho,Philip Ho,Shu‐Leong Ho,Wan Ho,G. Hobbs,Mark Hochstrasser,Peter Hoet,Daniel Hofius,Paul Hofman,Annika Höhn,Carina Holmberg,José Hombrebueno,Yi-Ren Hong,Lora Hooper,Thorsten Hoppe,Rastislav Horos,Yujin Hoshida,I‐Lun Hsin,Hsin‐Yun Hsu,Bing Hu,Dong Hu,Li‐Fang Hu,Ming Hu,Ronggui Hu,Wei Hu,Yu‐Chen Hu,Zhuowei Hu,Fang Hua,Na Li,Yingqi Hua,Chongmin Huan,Canhua Huang,Chuanshu Huang,Chuanxin Huang,Chunling Huang,Haishan Huang,Kun Huang,Michael Huang,Rui Huang,Shan Huang,Tianzhi Huang,Xing Huang,Yuxiang Huang,H. Ishida,Virginie Hubert,Christian Hübner,Stephanie Hughes,William Hughes,Magali Humbert,Gerhard Hummer,James Hurley,Sabah Hussain,Salik Hussain,Patrick Duckney,Martina Hutabarat,Hui-Yun Hwang,Seungmin Hwang,Antonio Ieni,Fumiyo Ikeda,Yusuke Imagawa,Yuzuru Imai,Carol Imbriano,Masaya Imoto,Denise Inman,Ken Inoki,Juan Iovanna,Renato Iozzo,Giuseppe Ippolito,Javier Irazoqui,Pablo Iribarren,Mohd Ishaq,Makoto Ishikawa,Nestor Ishimwe,Ciro Isidoro,Nahed Ismail,Shohreh Issazadeh‐Navikas,Eisuke Itakura,Daisuke Ito,Davor Ivankovic,Saška Ivanova,Anand Iyer,José Izquierdo,Masanori Izumi,Marja Jäättelä,Majid Jabir,William Jackson,Nadia Jacobo‐Herrera,Anne‐Claire Jacomin,Élise Jacquin,Pooja Jadiya,Hartmut Jaeschke,Chinnaswamy Jagannath,Arjen Jakobi,Johan Jakobsson,Bassam Janji,Pidder Jansen‐Dürr,Patric Jansson,Jonathan Jantsch,Sławomir Januszewski,Alagie Jassey,Steve Jean,Hélène Jeltsch‐David,Pavla Jendelová,Andreas Jenny,Thomas Jensen,Niels Jessen,Jenna Jewell,Jing Ji,Lijun Jia,Rui Jia,Liwen Jiang,Qing Jiang,Richeng Jiang,Teng Jiang,Xuejun Jiang,Yu Jiang,María Jiménez-Sánchez,Eun‐Jung Jin,Fengyan Jin,Hongchuan Jin,Li Jin,Luqi Jin,Meiyan Jin,Si Jin,Eun‐Kyeong Jo,Carine Joffre,Terje Johansen,Gail Johnson,Simon Johnston,Eija Jokitalo,Mohit Jolly,Leo Joosten,Joaquı́n Jordán,Bertrand Joseph,Dianwen Ju,Jeong-Sun Ju,Jingfang Ju,Esmeralda Juárez,Delphine Judith,Gábor Juhász,Youngsoo Jun,Anumantha Kanthasamy,Sung‐Chul Jung,Yong‐Keun Jung,Heinz Jungbluth,Johannes Jungverdorben,Steffen Just,Kai Kaarniranta,Allen Kaasik,Tomohiro Kabuta,Daniel Kaganovich,Alon Kahana,Renate Kain,Shingo Kajimura,Maria Kalamvoki,Manjula Kalia,Danuta Kalinowski,Nina Kaludercic,Ioanna Kalvari,Joanna Kamińska,Vitaliy Kaminskyy,Hiromitsu Kanamori,Keizo Kanasaki,Chanhee Kang,Akio Kihara,Sang Kang,Senthilvelrajan Kaniyappan,Tomotake Kanki,Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti,Arthi Kanthasamy,Marc Kantorow,Orsolya Kapuy,Michalis Karamouzis,Md. Karim,Parimal Karmakar,Rajesh Katare,Masaru Kato,Stefan Kaufmann,Anu Kauppinen,Gur Kaushal,Susmita Kaushik,Kiyoshi Kawasaki,Kemal Kazan,Katarina Kågedal,Damien Keating,Ursula Keber,John Kehrl,Kate Keller,Christian Keller,Jongsook Kemper,Candia Kenific,Oliver Kepp,Stéphanie Kermorgant,Andreas Kern,Robin Ketteler,Tom Keulers,Boris Khalfin,Hany Khalil,Bilon Khambu,Shahid Khan,Vinoth Khandelwal,Rekha Khandia,Widuri Kho,Noopur Khobrekar,Sataree Khuansuwan,Mukhran Khundadze,Samuel Killackey,Dasol Kim,Deok Kim,Do‐Hyung Kim,Dong‐Eun Kim,Eun Kim,Eun‐Kyoung Kim,Hak-Rim Kim,Hee-Sik Kim,Jeong Kim,Ben Ko,Jin Kim,Jin‐Hoi Kim,Joungmok Kim,Woo Kim,Keun Kim,Peter Kim,Seong‐Jun Kim,Adi Kimchi,Tomonori Kimura,Matthew King,Conan Kinsey,Vladimir Kirkin,Lorrie Kirshenbaum,С. Киселев,Shuji Kishi,Katsuhiko Kitamoto,Yasushi Kitaoka,Kaio Kitazato,Richard Kitsis,Ole Kjærulff,Peter Klein,Thomas Klopstock,Helmut Krämer,Helene Knævelsrud,Roland Knorr,Fred Ko,Jiunn‐Liang Ko,Hotaka Kobayashi,Ina Koch,Jan Koch,Ulrich Koenig,Donat Kögel,Young Koh,Masato Koike,Nur Kocatürk,Jeannette König,Toru Kono,Benjamin Kopp,Gözde Korkmaz,Mónica Korsnes,Ali Koskela,Janaiah Kota,Yaichiro Kotake,Yanjun Kou,Evangelos Koustas,Attila Kovács,Daisuke Koya,Tomohiro Kozako,Frank Lafont,Trond Lamark,Anna Krasnodembskaya,Erwin Knecht,Carole Kretz-Remy,Jocelyn Laporte,Nicholas Ktistakis,Sabine Kuenen,Thomas Kukar,Ajay Kumar,Ashok Kumar,Dinesh Kumar,Sharad Kumar,Shinji Kume,Chanakya Kundu,Ajaikumar Kunnumakkara,Lukasz Kurgan,Tatiana Kutateladze,Özlem Kutlu,SeongAe Kwak,Ho Kwon,Taeg Kwon,Yong Kwon,Irene Kyrmizi,Albert Spada,Sylvain Ladoire,Diane Lagace,Vikramjit Lahiri,Angela Laird,Aparna Lakkaraju,Sheng‐Hui Lan,Ane Landajuela,Darius Lane,Jon Lane,Charles Lang,Carsten Lange,Rupert Langer,Nicholas LaRusso,Wilson Lau,Gordon Laurie,Sergio Lavandero,Betty Law,Hkw Law,Robert Layfield,Hervé Stunff,Alexandre Leary,Jean-Jacques Lebrun,Lionel Leck,Jean‐Philippe Leduc‐Gaudet,Changwook Lee,Chung-Pei Lee,Da-Hye Lee,Erinna Lee,Gyun Lee,He-Jin Lee,Jae Lee,Jason Lee,Joo‐Yong Lee,Jun Lee,Michael Lee,Min Lee,Myung‐Shik Lee,Lian Li,Sangyoon Lee,Seung‐Jae Lee,Stella Lee,Won Lee,Yong‐ho Lee,Youngil Lee,Christophe Lefebvre,Renaud Legouis,Yuchen Lei,Sergey Leikin,Leticia Lemus,Olivia Lenoir,Guido Lenz,Heinz‐Josef Lenz,Yolanda León,Andréia Leopoldino,Christoph Leschczyk,Elisabeth Letellier,Po Leung,Jeremy Leventhal,Patrick Lewis,Klaus Ley,Gang Chen,Da‐Qiang Li,Jian‐Ming Li,Jing Li,Jiong Li,Liwu Li,Mei Li,Min Li,Mingchuan Li,Ming‐Qing Li,Qing Li,Sheng Li,Tiangang Li,Jia Li,Wenming Li,Xue Li,Yuan Li,Xin Liu,Zeng Ling,Zhiyuan Li,Yukui Zhang,Chengyu Liang,Paloma Liton,Weicheng Liang,YongTian Liang,Guanghong Liao,Lujian Liao,Mingzhi Liao,Yung-Feng Liao,Mariangela Librizzi,Pearl Lie,Mary Lilly,Thania Lima,Federica Limana,Chao Lin,Dar‐Shong Lin,Fu‐Cheng Lin,Jiandie Lin,Kwang‐Huei Lin,Liang Lin,Pei‐Hui Lin,Shaofeng Lin,Su-Ju Lin,Wenyu Lin,Xiaolei Xu,Yao‐Xin Lin,Yee‐Shin Lin,Paula Szalai,Shuo‐Chien Ling,Paul Lingor,Amelia Linnemann,Yih‐Cherng Liou,Marta Lipinski,Tone Novak,Vitor Lira,Natalia Lisiak,Chao Liu,Ching-Hsuan Liu,Chunfeng Liu,Cui Liu,F. Liu,Hao Liu,Hsiao‐Sheng Liu,Hua-feng Liu,Бо Лю,Jing Liu,Julia Liu,Nicholas Lukacs,Longhua Liu,Meilian Liu,Qin Liu,Wei Wang,Wende Liu,Fei Liu,Xiaodong Liu,Xingguo Liu,Xuedong Liu,Yanfen Liu,Yang Liu,Yule Liu,Fernando Macián,J. Livingston,Gérard Lizard,Senka Ljubojevic‐Holzer,Matilde Lleonart,David Llobet‐Navàs,Chih Lo,Damián Lobato‐Márquez,Qi Long,Yun Long,Ben Loos,Julia Loos,Manuela López,José López‐Guerrero,Ana López-Jiménez,Belén Marín,Israel López-Valero,Magdalena Lorenowicz,Mar Lorente,Péter Lőrincz,Laura Lossi,Sophie Lotersztajn,Penny Lovat,Alenka Lovy,Guang Lu,Haocheng Lu,Jiahong Lu,Jin‐Jian Lu,Mengji Lu,Shuyan Lu,Paula Ludovico,Micah Luftig,Diego Luis-Ravelo,Julian Lum,Anders Lund,Viktor Lund,Jan Lünemann,Patrick Lüningschrör,Honglin Luo,Rongcan Luo,Shouqing Luo,Zhi Luo,Bernhard Lüscher,Luan Luu,Alex Lyakhovich,Konstantin Lyamzaev,Alf Lystad,Lyubomyr Lytvynchuk,Alvin Chun‐Hang,Changle Ma,Mengxiao Ma,Ning-Fang Ma,Quanhong Ma,Xinliang Ma,Yueyun Ma,Ormond MacDougald,Gustavo MacIntosh,Jeffrey MacKeigan,Kay Macleod,Frank Madeo,Muniswamy Madesh,Julio Madrigal‐Matute,Akiko Maeda,Marta Magariños,Emiliano Maiani,Kenneth Maiese,Panchanan Maiti,Maria Maiuri,Barbara Majello,Elena Makareeva,Fayaz Malik,Karthik Mallilankaraman,Alina Maloyan,Gene Man,Federico Manai,Joseph Mancias,Eva‐Maria Mandelkow,Michael Mandell,Angelo Manfredi,Masoud Manjili,Ravi Manjithaya,Bella Manshian,Raquel Manzano,Claudia Manzoni,Kai Mao,Sandrine Marchetti,Anna Marconi,Stefania Mardente,Olga Mareninova,Muriel Mari,Sara Marinelli,Flaminia Pavone,Guillermo Mariño,BethAnn McLaughlin,Sofia Mariotto,Richard Marshall,Mark Marten,Sascha Martens,Alexandre Martin,Katie Martin,Sara Martin,Shaun Martin,Adrián Martín‐Segura,Miguel Martín-Acebes,Marcos Martín-Rincón,Paloma Martín‐Sanz,José Martina,Aitor Martinez,Ana Martı́nez,James Faber,Moisés Martínez‐Velázquez,Marta Martínez‐Vicente,Daniel Martins,Joilson Martins,Waleska Martins,Emanuele Marzetti,Shashank Masaldan,Douglas Mashek,Valentina Massa,Lourdes Massieu,Glenn Masson,Laura Masuelli,Anatoliy Masyuk,Tatyana Masyuk,Fabiola Ciccosanti,Ander Matheu,Satoaki Matoba,Pamela Mattar,Alessandro Mattè,Domenico Mattoscio,Mario Mauthe,Caroline Mauvezin,Paola Maycotte,Johanna Mayer,Cristina Mazzoni,Joseph Mazzulli,Nami McCarty,Christine McDonald,Sharon McKenna,Fionn McLoughlin,Thomas McWilliams,Madison Lenormand,Tania Medeiros,Lynn Megeney,Klára Megyeri,Maryam Mehrpour,Jawahar Mehta,Alfred Meijer,Annemarie Meijer,Jakob Mejlvang,Alicia Meléndez,Gönen Memişoğlu,A.F. Mendes,Delong Meng,Fei Meng,Tian Meng,Rubem Menna‐Barreto,Noboru Mizushima,A. Mercier,Jean‐Louis Mergny,Adalberto Merighi,Seth Merkley,Giuseppe Merla,Volker Meske,Ana Mestre,Shree Metur,Hemmo Meyer,Jeanne Mialet‐Perez,Lucia Micale,Enrico Milan,Małgorzata Milczarek,Dana Miller,Samuel Miller,Silke Miller,Steven Millward,Ira Milošević,Elena Minina,Hamid Mirzaei,Mehdi Mirzaei,Amit Mishra,Nandita Mishra,Maja Misirkić,Amit Misra,Gabriella Misso,Claire Mitchell,Tetsuji Miura,Shigeki Miyamoto,Mitsunori Miyazaki,Taiga Miyazaki,Trine Mogensen,Donald Vinh,Reza Mohammadinejad,Yasir Mohamud,Abhishek Mohanty,Sipra Mohapatra,Torsten Möhlmann,Asif Mohmmed,Anna Moles,Kelle Moley,Maurizio Molinari,Vincenzo Mollace,Bertrand Mollereau,Christian Münz,Costanza Montagna,Mervyn Monteiro,L. Montes,Barbara Montico,Vinod Mony,Giacomo Compagnoni,Michael Moore,Mohammad Moosavi,Ana Mora,David Morales‐Álamo,Paula Moreira,Elena Morelli,Sandra Moreno,Daniel Moreno-Blas,Viviana Moresi,Benjamín Morga,Fabrice Morin,Hideaki Morishita,Orson Moritz,Mariko Moriyama,Manuela Morleo,Eugenia Morselli,Jose Moruno-Manchon,Hiroyasu Nakano,Elisa Motori,Andréa Moura,Naïma Moustaïd‐Moussa,Maria Mrakovcic,Anupam Mukherjee,Subhadip Mukhopadhyay,Jean Levy,Victoriano Mulero,Christian Münch,Ashok Munjal,Teresa Muñoz‐Galdeano,Tomokazu Murakawa,Claudia Muratori,Brona Murphy,J. Murphy,Timo Myöhänen,Indira Mysorekar,Jennifer Mytych,Seyed Nabavi,Péter Nagy,Jihoon Nah,Aimable Nahimana,Ken Nakamura,Shyam Nandi,Monica Nanni,Gennaro Napolitano,Roberta Nardacci,Melissa Nassif,Ilana Nathan,Manabu Natsumeda,Ryno Naudé,Olaia Naveiras,Fatemeh Navid,Taras Nazarko,Francesca Nazio,Florentina Negoita,Thomas Neill,Amanda Neisch,Luca Neri,Mihai Netea,Patrick Neubert,Dietbert Neumann,Albert Neutzner,Phillip Newton,Salvatore Oddo,Ioannis Nezis,Charlene Ng,T.B. Ng,Long Nguyen,Clíona Cheallaigh,Wei Xiang,Francesco Nicoli,Manuel Nieto‐Díaz,Per Nilsson,Shunbin Ning,Rituraj Niranjan,Hiroshi Nishimune,Ralph Nixon,Annalisa Nobili,Clévio Nóbrega,Takeshi Noda,U. Nogueira-Recalde,Iván Nombela,Beatriz Novoa,Takashi Nozawa,Nobuyuki Nukina,Jesper Nylandsted,Seónadh O’Leary,Eyleen O’Rourke,Mary O’Sullivan,Michinaga Ogawa,Éric Ogier–Denis,Margrét Ögmundsdóttir,Besim Öğretmen,Goo Oh,Seon‐Hee Oh,Young Oh,Yohei Ohashi,Vasileios Oikonomou,Rani Ojha,Theocharis Panaretakis,Hitoshi Okazawa,Sara Oliván,Jorge Oliveira,James Olzmann,Shakib Omari,M. Omary,Martin Ondrej,Sang‐Bing Ong,Anna Onnis,Juan Orellana,María Ortega-Villaizán,Xilma Ortiz‐González,Heinz Osiewacz,Abdel‐Hamid Osman,Marisa Otegui,Christiane Ott,Luisa Ottobrini,Jing-hsiung Ou,Tiago Outeiro,Inger Øynebråten,Melek Öztürk,Susanta Pahari,Marta Pajares,Utpal Pajvani,Simona Paladino,Michela Palmieri,Giuseppe Palmisano,Camilla Palumbo,Francesco Pampaloni,Lifeng Pan,Qingjun Pan,Wenliang Pan,Ganna Panasyuk,Rahul Pandey,Vrajesh Pandya,Francesco Paneni,Shirley Pang,Daniela Papademetrio,Elena Papaleo,Daniel Papinski,Eun Park,Hwan Park,Jong‐In Park,Joon Park,Junsoo Park,Sang Park,Abraham Parola,Adrien Pasquier,João Passos,Nunzia Pastore,Hemal Patel,Daniel Patschan,Sophie Pattingre,Gustavo Pedraza‐Alva,Zully Pedrozo,Gang Pei,Jianming Pei,Joaquín Pellegrini,Joffrey Pelletier,Di Peng,Ying Peng,Maria Pennuto,Francesca Pentimalli,Gustavo Pereira,Lílian Pereira,Luís Almeida,Nirma Perera,Ana Pérez‐Oliva,María Pérez‐Pérez,Palsamy Periyasamy,András Perl,Cristiana Perrotta,Ida Perrotta,Richard Pestell,Morten Petersen,Goran Petrovski,Thorsten Pfirrmann,Astrid Pfister,Jennifer Philips,Huifeng Pi,Alicia Pickrell,Giovanna Pierantoni,Philippe Pierre,Valérie Pierrefite‐Carle,Karolina Pierzynowska,Mirosława Pietruczuk,Claudio Pignata,Mario Pinar,Roberta Pinheiro,Ronit Pinkas‐Kramarski,Karolina Pircs,Sujan Piya,Paola Pizzo,Harald Platta,Ainhoa Plaza‐Zabala,Markus Plomann,Egor Plotnikov,Hélène Plun‐Favreau,Roger Pocock,Stefanie Pöggeler,Marc Poirot,Angelo Poletti,Marisa Ponpuak,Hana Popelka,Helena Porta,Eliana Portilla-Fernández,Martin Post,Malia Potts,Joanna Poulton,Veena Prahlad,Tomasz Prajsnar,Domenico Praticò,Muriel Priault,Tassula Proikas‐Cezanne,Vasilis Promponas,Christopher Proud,Rosa Puertollano,Thomas Pulinilkunnil,Deepika Puri,Julien Puyal,Fulvio Reggiori,Xiaopeng Qi,Yongmei Qi,Wenbin Qian,Lei Qiang,Yu Qiu,Joe Quadrilatero,Diego Ojeda,Jun Ren,Hannah Rabinowich,Debora Ragona,Michael Ragusa,Nader Rahimi,Marveh Rahmati,Valeria Raia,Sriganesh Rao,Ignacio Ramírez‐Pardo,D. Ramsden,Felix Randow,Pundi Rangarajan,Hai Rao,Lang Rao,Rekha Rao,Sumit Rathore,Edward Ratovitski,Gloria Ravegnini,Santiago Córdoba,Babak Razani,Kirill Rosen,Anne Régnier‐Vigouroux,David Reigada,Theo Rein,Siegfried Reipert,Rokeya Rekha,Weichao Ren,Tristan Renault,Kim Rewitz,Bruna Ramos,Bernardete Ribeiro,S. Riazuddin,Jean‐Ehrland Ricci,Roméo Ricci,Des Richardson,Yasuko Rikihisa,Ruth Risueño,Salvatore Rizza,Helen Owen,Katherine Robinson,Stéphane Rocchi,Tiago Rodrigues,Vagner Silva,Amaia Rodrı́guez,Nieves Rodríguez‐Henche,Humberto Rodríguez‐Rocha,Jeroen Roelofs,Robert Rogers,Ana Rojo,Krzysztof Rolka,Luigina Romani,Alessandra Romano,Patricia Romano,Luís Romero,Montserrat Romero,Joseph Roney,Christopher Rongo,Mathias Rosenfeldt,Philip Rosenstiel,Anne Rosenwald,Kevin Roth,Lynn Roth,John Reiners,Benoit Roussel,Sophie Roux,Patrizia Rovere–Querini,Aurore Rozières,Diego Ruano,David Rubinsztein,Maria Rubtsova,Christoph Ruckenstuhl,Rüdiger Rudolf,Alessandra Ruggieri,Avnika Ruparelia,P. Rusmini,Gian Russo,Maria Russo,Rossella Russo,O. Ryabaya,Kevin Ryan,Kwon‐Yul Ryu,Maria Sabater‐Arcis,Ulka Sachdev,Carsten Sachse,Abhishek Sadhu,Junichi Sadoshima,Nathaniel Safren,Paul Säftig,Antonia Sagona,Gaurav Sahay,Mustafa Şahin,Özgür Şahin,Sumit Sahni,Nayuta Saito,Shigeru Saito,Tsunenori Saito,Ryohei Sakai,Jun-Ichi Sakamaki,Kalle Saksela,Gloria Salazar,Ghasem Salekdeh,Ashok Saluja,Marı́a Sánchez,Victoria Sanchez‐Vera,Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu,J. Sanderson,Marco Sandri,Stefano Santaguida,Laura Santambrogio,Ana Ferreira,Alberto Sanz,Pascual Sanz,Shweta Saran,Timothy Sargeant,Apurva Sarin,Sovan Sarkar,Surajit Sarkar,Dipanka Sarmah,J. Sarparanta,S. Ranganayaki,K. 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Tse,Hitoshi Tsugawa,David Tumbarello,Enoch Yuen,María Tuñón,Sandra Turcotte,Eva Vaquero,Vito Türk,Bradley Turner,Richard Tuxworth,Elena Tyutereva,Yasuo Uchiyama,Holm Uhlig,Ilya Ulasov,Midori Umekawa,Christian Ungermann,Rei Unno,Elisabet Uribe-Carretero,Şuayib Üstün,Vladimir Uversky,Michael Sarr,Björn Vahsen,Rut Valdor,Maria Valente,Ayelén Valko,Ángela Valverde,Stijn Veen,Luc Kaer,Jorg Loosdregt,Sjoerd Wijk,Ilse Vanhorebeek,Nicola Vannini,Chiara Vantaggiato,Gabriele Varano,Máté Varga,M. Vasconcelos,Somya Vats,Demetrios Vavvas,Ignacio Vega‐Naredo,Silvia Vega-Rubín-de-Celis,Guillermo Velasco,Ariadna Velázquez,Tibor Vellai,Edo Vellenga,Mireille Verdier,Panayotis Verginis,Isabelle Vergne,Paul Verkade,Manish Verma,Tim Vervliet,Jörg Vervoorts,Alexandre Vessoni,Víctor Víctor,Michel Vidal,Otília Vieira,Sonia Viganò,Helena Vihinen,Miquel Vila,Haichao Wang,José Villalba,Antonio Villalobo,Beatriz Villarejo‐Zori,Francesc Villarroya,Olivier Vincent,Cécile Vindis,Christophe Viret,Maria Viscomi,Dora Višnjić,David Vocadlo,Olga Voitsekhovskaja,Cinzia Volonté,Marta Vomero,Marc Vooijs,Ljubica Vučićević,Xuejun Wang,Satoshi Waguri,Kenrick Waite,Shuji Wakatsuki,Mark Walker,Simon Walker,Francisco Wandosell,Bo Wang,Chao-Yung Wang,Chen Wang,Chenwei Wang,Li Wang,Cun-Yu Wang,Dong Wang,Fangyang Wang,Feng Wang,Fengming Wang,Guansong Wang,Mingyong Wang,Hao Wang,Hexiang Wang,Honggang Wang,Jigang Wang,Jiou Wang,Kui Wang,Liming Wang,Meiqing Wang,Nanbu Wang,Pengwei Wang,Peipei Wang,Ping Wang,Qing Wang,Q. Wang,Qiong Wang,Wentao Wang,Wuyang Wang,Yanchang Wang,Yanzhuang Wang,Yihua Wang,Yipeng Wang,Yuqi Wang,Sheng Wang,Zhe Wang,Zhouguang Wang,Gary Warnes,Verena Warnsmann,Daocheng Wu,Maxinne Watchon,Anna Wawrzyńska,Timothy Weaver,Ann Wehman,Huafeng Wei,Lei Wei,Taotao Wei,Yongjie Wei,Günther Weindl,Ralf Weiskirchen,Alan Wells,Runxia Wen,Xin Wen,Beatrice Weykopf,Sally Wheatley,J. Whitton,Katarzyna Wiktorska,Manon Wildenberg,Simon Wilkinson,Dieter Willbold,Robin Williams,Roger Williams,Peter Williamson,Richard Wilson,Beate Winner,Nathaniel Winsor,Steven Witkin,Ute Woehlbier,Thomas Wollert,Stéphane Vassilopoulos,Esther Wong,Jack Wong,Vincent Wong,Anguo Wu,Chengbiao Wu,Jian Wu,Junfang Wu,Kenneth Wu,Min Wu,Shengzhou Wu,Shuyan Wu,William Wu,Xiaohong Wu,Xiaoqing Wu,Yao‐Wen Wu,Yihua Wu,Hongguang Xia,Lixin Xia,Zhengyuan Xia,Xiang Ge,Jin Xiang,Mingliang Xiang,Bin Xiao,Guozhi Xiao,Hengyi Xiao,Hongtao Xiao,Lan Xiao,Yin Xiao,Baoming Xie,Min Xie,Zhiping Xie,Zhonglin Xie,Congfeng Xu,En Xu,Haoxing Xu,Jing Xu,Jin‐Rong Xu,Liang Xu,Wen Xu,Yu Xue,Sokhna Yakhine-Diop,Masamitsu Yamaguchi,Osamu Yamaguchi,Ai Yamamoto,Shengmin Yan,Zhen Yan,Yasuo Yanagi,Chuanbin Yang,Dun-Sheng Yang,Huan Yang,Huang-Tian Yang,Hui Yang,Jin‐Ming Yang,Jing Yang,Ling Yang,Ming Yang,Pei‐Ming Yang,Qian Yang,Shu Yang,Shun Yang,Wei Yang,Xiaoyong Yang,Xuesong Yang,Yi Yang,Ying Yang,Honghong Yao,Xiaoqiang Yao,Yong-Gang Yao,Takahiro Yasui,Meysam Yazdankhah,Paul Yen,Cong Yi,Xiao-Ming Yin,Yanhai Yin,Zhangyuan Yin,Ziyi Yin,Meidan Ying,Calvin Yip,Stephanie Yiu,Young Yoo,Kiyotsugu Yoshida,Saori Yoshii,Tamotsu Yoshimori,Boxuan Yu,Haiyang Yu,Jun Yu,Yu Li,Ming‐Lung Yu,Victor Yu,Wen Yu,W. Yu,Zhengping Yu,Zhou Yu,Ling‐Qing Yuan,Shilin Yuan,Yanggang Yuan,Zengqiang Yuan,Jianbo Yue,Zhenyu Yue,Jeanho Yun,Raymond Yung,Gabriele Zaffagnini,Vanessa Zambelli,Isabella Zanella,Qun Zang,Sara Zanivan,Silvia Zappavigna,P. Zaragoza,Amir Zarebkohan,Amira Zarrouk,Jialiu Zeng,Judeng Zeng,Eva Žerovnik,Lixuan Zhan,Han Zhang,Donna Zhang,Hanlin Zhang,Hong Zhang,Honghe Zhang,Huaye Zhang,Hui Zhang,Qian Zhang,Jianbin Zhang,Teresa Żołądek,Jingpu Zhang,Kalin Zhang,Leshuai Zhang,Lin Zhang,Lisheng Zhang,Lu Zhang,Luoying Zhang,Peng Zhang,Sheng Zhang,Wei Zhang,Xiangnan Zhang,Xiaolei Zhang,Xiaoyan Zhang,Xin Zhang,Xu Zhang,Yang Zhang,Yan‐Jin Zhang,Yi Zhang,Yingdong Zhang,Yingmei Zhang,Yuanyuan Zhang,Yuchen Zhang,Zhengguang Zhang,Zhibing Zhang,Zhihai Zhang,Zhiyong Zhang,Zili Zhang,Lei Zhao,Tongbiao Zhao,Xiaofan Zhao,Yongchao Zhao,Yuting Zhao,Guoping Zheng,Ling Zheng,Shizhong Zheng,Xi‐Long Zheng,Yi Zheng,Zu‐Guo Zheng,Qing Zhong,Ben Zhou,Cefan Zhou,Gang Zhou,Hao Zhou,Hong Zhou,Hongbo Zhou,Jie Zhou,Jing Zhou,Jiyong Zhou,Rongjia Zhou,Xu‐jie Zhou,Yinghong Zhou,Yubin Zhou,Zhengyu Zhou,Zhou Zhou,Changlian Zhu,Guo‐Qing Zhu,Haining Zhu,Hongxin Zhu,Hua Zhu,Wei‐Guo Zhu,Yushan Zhu,Haixia Zhuang,Xiaohong Zhuang,Katarzyna Zientara‐Rytter,Christine Zimmermann,Dmitry Zorov,Antonio Zorzano,Zhen Zou,Steven Zuryn,Werner Zwerschke,Beate Brand‐Saberi,Chandra Kenchappa,Zuguo Li,Yong Lin,Shigeru Oshima,Judith Sluimer,Christina Stallings,Chong Tong,María Arévalo
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,Laetitia Arnauné‐Pelloquin
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Jan 2, 2021
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Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for

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