mTORC1 is shown to regulate a translational program that requires the rapamycin-resistant 4E-BP family of translational repressors and consists almost entirely of mRNAs containing 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine or related motifs. The mTOR pathway is important in the regulation of protein synthesis and is activated in many human cancers. Two papers in this issue of Nature use ribosome profiling to study the control of messenger RNA translation by mTOR signalling. Hsieh et al. find that in prostate cancer cells and mouse prostate tumours, the translation of several genes involved in cancer invasion is regulated by mTOR by means of the 4EBP1 translational repressor. The experimental drug INK128, currently in clinical trials in people with prostate cancer, inhibits mTOR signalling and reduces the progression of prostate cancers to invasive carcinomas in a mouse model. Thoreen et al. show that through the 4E-BP protein family, the mTORC1 kinase recognizes and regulates a subset of mRNAs with an oligopyrimidine motif at the 5′ end. The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase nucleates a pathway that promotes cell growth and proliferation and is the target of rapamycin, a drug with many clinical uses1. mTORC1 regulates messenger RNA translation, but the overall translational program is poorly defined and no unifying model exists to explain how mTORC1 differentially controls the translation of specific mRNAs. Here we use high-resolution transcriptome-scale ribosome profiling to monitor translation in mouse cells acutely treated with the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1, which, unlike rapamycin, fully inhibits mTORC1 (ref. 2). Our data reveal a surprisingly simple model of the mRNA features and mechanisms that confer mTORC1-dependent translation control. The subset of mRNAs that are specifically regulated by mTORC1 consists almost entirely of transcripts with established 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs, or, like Hsp90ab1 and Ybx1, with previously unrecognized TOP or related TOP-like motifs that we identified. We find no evidence to support proposals that mTORC1 preferentially regulates mRNAs with increased 5′ untranslated region length or complexity3. mTORC1 phosphorylates a myriad of translational regulators, but how it controls TOP mRNA translation is unknown4. Remarkably, loss of just the 4E-BP family of translational repressors, arguably the best characterized mTORC1 substrates, is sufficient to render TOP and TOP-like mRNA translation resistant to Torin 1. The 4E-BPs inhibit translation initiation by interfering with the interaction between the cap-binding protein eIF4E and eIF4G1. Loss of this interaction diminishes the capacity of eIF4E to bind TOP and TOP-like mRNAs much more than other mRNAs, explaining why mTOR inhibition selectively suppresses their translation. Our results clarify the translational program controlled by mTORC1 and identify 4E-BPs and eIF4G1 as its master effectors.

A unifying model for mTORC1-mediated regulation of mRNA translation