Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050

Kevin Ikuta,Lucien Swetschinski,Authia Gray,Eve Wool,Gisela Aguilar,Tomislav Meštrović,Georgia Smith,Chieh Han,Rebecca Hsu,Julian Chalek,Daniel Araki,Erin Chung,Catalina Raggi,Anna Hayoon,Nicole Weaver,Paulina Lindstedt,Amanda Smith,Umut Altay,Natalia Bhattacharjee,Konstantinos Giannakis,Frederick Fell,Barney McManigal,Nattwut Ekapirat,Jessica Mendes,Tilleye Runghien,Oraya Srimokla,Atef AbdelKader,Sherief Abd‐Elsalam,Richard Aboagye,Hassan Abolhassani,Hasan Abualruz,Usman Abubakar,Hana Abukhadijah,Salahdein Aburuz,Ahmed Abu‐Zaid,Sureerak Achalapong,Isaac Addo,Victor Adekanmbi,Temitayo Adeyeoluwa,Qorinah Adnani,Leticia Adzigbli,Muhammad Afzal,Saira Afzal,Antonella Agodi,Austin Ahlstrom,Aqeel Ahmad,Sajjad Ahmad,Tauseef Ahmad,Ali Ahmadi,Ayman Ahmed,Ahmed Hasaballah,Ibrar Ahmed,Mohammed Ahmed,Saeed Ahmed,Syed Ahmed,Mohammed Akkaif,Salah Awaidy,Yazan Thaher,Samer Alalalmeh,Mohammad Al‐bataineh,Wafa Aldhaleei,Adel Al‐Gheethi,Nma Alhaji,Abid Ali,Liaqat Ali,Syed Ali,Waad Ali,Kasim Allel,Sabah Al-Marwani,Ahmad Alrawashdeh,Awais Altaf,Ala’a Al‐Tammemi,Jaffar Al‐Tawfiq,Karem Alzoubi,Walid Al-Zyoud,Ben Amos,John Amuasi,Robert Ancuceanu,Jason Andrews,Abhishek Anil,Iyadunni Anuoluwa,Sara Anvari,Anayochukwu Anyasodor,Geminn Apostol,Jalal Arabloo,Mosab Arafat,Aleksandr Aravkin,Demelash Areda,Abdulfatai Aremu,Anton Artamonov,Elizabeth Ashley,Marvellous Asika,Seyyed Athari,Maha Atout,Tewachew Awoke,Sina Azadnajafabad,James Azam,Shahkaar Aziz,Ahmed Azzam,Mahsa Babaei,François-Xavier Babin,Muhammad Badar,Atif Baig,Milica Bajčetić,Stephen Baker,Mainak Bardhan,Hiba Barqawi,Zarrin Basharat,Afisu Basiru,Mathieu Bastard,Saurav Basu,Nebiyou Bayileyegn,Melaku Belete,Olorunjuwon Bello,Apostolos Beloukas,James Berkley,Akshaya Bhagavathula,Sonu Bhaskar,Soumitra Bhuyan,Julia Bielicki,Н. Брико,Colin Brown,Annie Browne,Danilo Buonsenso,Yasser Bustanji,Cristina Carvalheiro,Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela,Muthia Cenderadewi,Joshua Chadwick,Sandip Chakraborty,Rama Chandika,Sara Chandy,Vilada Chansamouth,Vijay Chattu,Anis Chaudhary,Patrick Ching,Hitesh Chopra,Fazle Chowdhury,Dinh‐Toi Chu,Muhammad Chutiyami,Natália Martins,Alanna Silva,Omid Dadras,Xiaochen Dai,Samuel Darcho,Saswati Das,Fernando Hoz,Denise Dekker,Kuldeep Dhama,Daniel Díaz,Benjamin Dickson,Serge Djorie,Milad Dodangeh,Sushil Dohare,Клара Докова,Ojas Doshi,Robert Dowou,Haneil Dsouza,Susanna Dunachie,Arkadiusz Dziedzic,Tim Eckmanns,Abdelaziz Ed-Dra,Aziz Eftekharimehrabad,Temitope Ekundayo,Iman Sayed,Michael Ekholuenetale,Waseem El‐Huneidi,Christelle Elias,Sally Ellis,Randa Elsheikh,Ibrahim Elsohaby,Chadi Eltaha,Babak Eshrati,Majid Eslami,David Eyre,Adewale Fadaka,Adeniyi Fagbamigbe,Ayesha Fahim,Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh,Folorunso Fasina,Modupe Fasina,Ensiyeh Taheri,Nicholas Feasey,Alireza Feizkhah,Ginenus 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Mohammed,Syam Mohan,Ali Mokdad,Lorenzo Monasta,AmirAli Ghalibaf,Catrin Moore,Yousef Moradi,Elías Mossialos,Vincent Mougin,George Mukoro,Francesk Mulita,Berit Müller‐Pebody,Efrén Murillo‐Zamora,Sani Musa,Patrick Musicha,Lillian Musila,Muthupandian Saravanan,Ahamarshan Nagarajan,Pirouz Naghavi,Firzan Nainu,Tapas Nair,Hastyar Najmuldeen,Zuhair Natto,Javaid Nauman,Biswa Nayak,Gordon Nchanji,Pacifique Ndishimye,Ionuţ Negoi,Ruxandra Negoi,Seyed Nejadghaderi,QuynhAnh Nguyen,Efaq Noman,Davis Nwakanma,Séamus O’Brien,Theresa Ochoa,Ismail Odetokun,Oluwaseun Ogundijo,Tolulope Ojo-Akosile,Sylvester Okeke,Osaretin Okonji,Andrew Olagunju,Antonio Olivas‐Martínez,Abdulhakeem Olorukooba,Peter Olwoch,Kenneth Onyedibe,Edgar Ortíz‐Brizuela,Olayinka Osuolale,Pradthana Ounchanum,Oyetunde Oyeyemi,Mahesh A,José Paredes,Romil Parikh,Jay Patel,Shankargouda Patil,Shrikant Pawar,Anton Peleg,Prince Peprah,João Perdigão,Carlo Perrone,Ionela-Roxana Petcu,Koukeo Phommasone,Zahra Piracha,Dimitri Poddighe,Andrew 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