We discuss the measurements of the galaxy cluster mass functions at z ≈ 0.05 and z ≈ 0.5 using high-quality Chandra observations of samples derived from the ROSAT PSPC All-Sky and 400 deg2 surveys. We provide a full reference for the data analysis procedures, present updated calibration of relations between the total cluster mass and its X-ray indicators (TX, Mgas, and YX) based on a subsample of low-z relaxed clusters, and present a first measurement of the evolving LX–Mtot relation (with Mtot estimated from YX) obtained from a well defined statistically complete cluster sample and with appropriate corrections for the Malmquist bias applied. Finally, we present the derived cluster mass functions, estimate the systematic uncertainties in this measurement, and discuss the calculation of the likelihood function. We confidently measure the evolution in the cluster comoving number density at a fixed mass threshold, e.g., by a factor of 5.0 ± 1.2 at M500 = 2.5 × 1014 h−1 M☉ between z = 0 and 0.5. This evolution reflects the growth of density perturbations, and can be used for the cosmological constraints complementing those from the distance–redshift relation.

CHANDRACLUSTER COSMOLOGY PROJECT. II. SAMPLES AND X-RAY DATA REDUCTION