Abstract

Neurally-mediated (reflex)Vasovagal syncope (common faint)e classical e non-classical Carotid sinus syncope Situational syncope e acute haemorrhage e cough, sneeze e gastrointestinal stimulation (swallow, defaecation, visceral pain) e micturition (post-micturition) e post-exercise e post-prandial e others (e.g., brass instrument playing, weightlifting) Glossopharyngeal neuralgia Orthostatic hypotension Autonomic failure e primary autonomic failure syndromes (e.g., pure autonomic failure, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease with autonomic failure) e secondary autonomic failure syndromes (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, amyloid neuropathy) e post-exercise e post-prandial Drug (and alcohol)-induced orthostatic syncope Volume depletion e haemorrhage, diarrhoea, Addison's disease Cardiac arrhythmias as primary cause Sinus node dysfunction (including bradycardia/ tachycardia syndrome) Atrioventricular conduction system disease Paroxysmal supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias Inherited syndromes (e.g., long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome) Implanted device (pacemaker, ICD) malfunction drug-induced proarrhythmias Structural cardiac or cardiopulmonary disease Cardiac valvular disease Acute myocardial infarction/ischaemia