Abstract

Piroplasmosis is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoa of the genera Theileria and Babesia. These parasitic infections can cause serious impact on the health of livestock and production. Multiple piroplasm species can infect a single host, but reliable molecular diagnostic tools are needed with which to understand the composition of these complex parasite communities. Theileria and Babesia vary in their epidemiology, drug sensitivity, pathogenicity and interaction of co-infecting species, but are similar in the animals, become persistent carriers after recovery from primary infection, acting as reservoir hosts. Here, we describe for the first time the use of a deep amplicon sequencing platform to identify proportions of piroplasm species in co-infecting communities and develop the concept of a \"haemoprotobiome\". First, four phenotypically-verified species of Theileria and Babesia were used to prepare mock pools with random amounts of the parasites and amplified with four different numbers of PCR cycles to assess sequence representation of each species. Second, we evaluated the detection threshold of the deep amplicon sequencing assay for each of the four species and to assess the accuracy of proportional quantification of all four species. Finally, we applied the assay to the field samples to afford insight of the species composition of piroplasm communities in small and large ruminants in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The \"haemoprotobiome\" concept has several potential applications in veterinary and human research, including understanding of responses to drug treatment; parasite epidemiology and ecology; species interactions during mixed infections; and parasite control strategies.