Fibroblast-specific Il-11 expression causes heart and kidney fibrosis and organ failure, whereas IL-11 inhibition prevents fibroblast activation and organ fibrosis, indicating that IL-11 inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat fibrotic diseases. Fibrosis—the overproduction of fibrous connective tissue—is a feature of many diseases and can contribute to pathology by causing scarring, thickening of tissue and interference with normal organ function. In the heart, fibrosis can cause mechanical and electrical dysfunction. Stuart Cook and colleagues identify a protein that has a crucial role in cardiac fibrosis: the cytokine IL-11. They find that, in primary human cardiac fibroblasts, transcription of IL-11 is a dominant response to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) exposure and that it is required for the pro-fibrotic effect of TGFβ. Loss of IL-11 reduced fibrosis in three preclinical models of cardiovascular fibrosis, leading the authors to propose IL-11 as a therapeutic target. Fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular disease1. In the heart, fibrosis causes mechanical and electrical dysfunction1,2 and in the kidney, it predicts the onset of renal failure3. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is the principal pro-fibrotic factor4,5, but its inhibition is associated with side effects due to its pleiotropic roles6,7. We hypothesized that downstream effectors of TGFβ1 in fibroblasts could be attractive therapeutic targets and lack upstream toxicity. Here we show, using integrated imaging–genomics analyses of primary human fibroblasts, that upregulation of interleukin-11 (IL-11) is the dominant transcriptional response to TGFβ1 exposure and required for its pro-fibrotic effect. IL-11 and its receptor (IL11RA) are expressed specifically in fibroblasts, in which they drive non-canonical, ERK-dependent autocrine signalling that is required for fibrogenic protein synthesis. In mice, fibroblast-specific Il11 transgene expression or Il-11 injection causes heart and kidney fibrosis and organ failure, whereas genetic deletion of Il11ra1 protects against disease. Therefore, inhibition of IL-11 prevents fibroblast activation across organs and species in response to a range of important pro-fibrotic stimuli. These results reveal a central role of IL-11 in fibrosis and we propose that inhibition of IL-11 is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat fibrotic diseases.

IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis