Plant—carnivore mutualism through herbivore-induced carnivore attractants

Abstract

Plants and carnivorous arthropods can interact mutualistically. A recent discovery is that such mutualisms can be mediated by volatile compounds — produced by plants in response to herbivore damage — that attract carnivores. However, after emission of these attractants, the plant has no control over their use. Thus, exploitation of the information may occur, to the detriment of the plant, leading to costs in addition to benefits. Although all plants studied to date become attractive to carnivorous arthropods after damage by herbivores, they do so in different ways and it is important to understand why this is so.