Abstract

During inflammatory condition in pregnancy, the macrophages present at the feto-maternal junction release an increased amount of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- and INF-{gamma}, which can disturb the trophoblast functions and thereby the pregnancy outcome. Measurement of the cellular and sub-cellular morphological modifications associated with inflammatory responses are important in order to quantify the extent of trophoblast dysfunction for clinical implication. With this motivation, we investigated morphological, cellular and sub-cellular changes in externally inflamed RAW264.7 (macrophage) and HTR-8/SVneo (trophoblast) using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and quantitative phase microscopy (QPM). We monitored the production of nitric oxide (NO), changes in cell membrane and mitochondrial structure of macrophages and trophoblasts when exposed to different concentration of pro-inflammatory agents (LPS and TNF-). In vitro NO production by LPS-induced macrophages increased 22-folds as compared to controls, whereas no significant NO production was seen after TNF- challenge. Under similar conditions as with macrophages, trophoblasts did not produce NO following either LPS or TNF- challenge. Super-resolution SIM imaging showed changes in the morphology of mitochondria and plasma membrane in macrophages following LPS challenge and in trophoblasts following TNF- challenge. Label-free QPM showed a decrease in the optical thickness of the LPS-challenged macrophages while TNF- having no effect. The vice-versa is observed for the trophoblasts. We further exploited machine learning approaches on QPM dataset to detect and to classify the inflammation with an accuracy of 99.9% for LPS-challenged macrophages and 98.3% for TNF--challenged trophoblasts. We believe that the multi-modal advanced microscopy methodologies coupled with machine learning approach could be an alternative way for early detection of pregnancy related inflammation after clinical studies.