Microbiomes perform vital functions for their mammalian hosts, making them potential drivers of host evolution. Understanding effects of environmental factors and host characteristics on the composition and biodiversity of microbiomes may provide novel insights into the origin and maintenance of these symbiotic relationships. Our goals were to (1) characterize biodiversity of oral and rectal microbiomes of bats in Puerto Rico; and (2) determine the effects of geographic location and host characteristics on that biodiversity. We collected bats and their microbiomes from 3 sites, and used 4 metrics (species richness, Shannon diversity, Camargo evenness, Berger-Parker dominance) to characterize biodiversity. We evaluated the relative importance of site, host sex, host species identity, and host foraging guild on microbiome biodiversity. Microbiome biodiversity was highly variable among conspecifics. Geographical location exhibited consistent effects, whereas host sex did not do so. Within each host guild, host species exhibited consistent differences in oral and rectal microbiome biodiversity. Oral microbiome biodiversity was indistinguishable between guilds, whereas rectal microbiome biodiversity was significantly greater in carnivores than in herbivores. The high intraspecific and spatial variation in microbiome biodiversity necessitate a large number of samples to isolate the effects of environmental or host characteristics on microbiomes. Species-specific biodiversity of oral microbiomes suggests these communities are structured by direct interactions with the host immune system via epithelial receptors. In contrast, the number of microbial taxa that a host gut supports may be contingent on the number and kinds of functions a host requires of its microbiome.

Effects of host species identity and diet on biodiversity of oral and rectal microbiomes of Puerto Rican bats