Abstract

Interfacial modification, which serves multiple roles, is vital for the fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Here, a multifunctional interfacial material, biguanide hydrochloride (BGCl), is introduced between tin oxide (SnO2 ) and perovskite to enhance electron extraction, as well as the crystal growth of the perovskite. The BGCl can chemically link to the SnO2 through Lewis coordination/electrostatic coupling and help to anchor the PbI2 . Better energetic alignment, reduced interfacial defects, and homogeneous perovskite crystallites are achieved, yielding an impressive certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.4%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V and a drastically improved fill factor of 82.4%. More importantly, the unencapsulated device maintains 95% of its initial PCE after aging for over 500 h at 20 °C and 30% relative humidity in ambient conditions. These results suggest that the incorporation of BGCl is a promising strategy to modify the interface and control the crystallization of the perovskite, toward the attainment of highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells as well as other perovskite-based electronics.