Context: Throughout semi-arid and arid Australia surface freshwater is rare, and where it does occur, it is often ephemeral. This is the case for freshwater granite rock-holes that occur throughout much of southern Australia. Rock-holes support freshwater invertebrate communities, however, the ongoing threat of climate change means that this ecosystem is likely to experience hydrological disruptions. Rock-holes are also likely to be heavily impacted by invasive vertebrates. However, the ecology of this ecosystem is poorly understood despite its relative ecological significance and the extent of its associated threats. Aims and methods: To provide a baseline ecological understanding of this ecosystem we documented species richness and variability at a series of rock-holes in the Gawler bioregion in South Australia using an environmental DNA approach. Key results: Metabarcoding recorded invertebrates from 22 orders and 45 families. Community composition varied among rock-holes and throughout the year, with a peak in species richness in winter. Conclusions and implications: These findings demonstrate the importance of these ecosystems to a range of endemic taxa. We propose establishment of monitoring programs, development of custom barcode reference libraries for the rock-hole ecosystem and future research into the likely impacts of climate change on the communities associated with them.

Environmental DNA reveals temporal and spatial variability of invertebrate communities in arid-lands ephemeral water bodies