Background The NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 ( NLRP 3) inflammasome is an interleukin ( IL )‐1β and IL ‐18 cytokine processing complex that is activated in inflammatory conditions. The role of the NLRP 3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction is not fully understood. Methods and Results Atherosclerotic plaques were analyzed for transcripts of the NLRP 3 inflammasome, and for IL ‐1β release. The Swedish First‐ever myocardial Infarction study in Ac‐county ( FIA ) cohort consisting of DNA from 555 myocardial infarction patients and 1016 healthy individuals was used to determine the frequency of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNP s) from the downstream regulatory region of NLRP 3. Expression of NLRP 3, Apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD ( ASC ), caspase‐1 ( CASP 1), IL 1B, and IL 18 mRNA was significantly increased in atherosclerotic plaques compared to normal arteries. The expression of NLRP 3 mRNA was significantly higher in plaques of symptomatic patients when compared to asymptomatic ones. CD 68‐positive macrophages were observed in the same areas of atherosclerotic lesions as NLRP 3 and ASC expression. Occasionally, expression of NLRP 3 and ASC was also present in smooth muscle cells. Cholesterol crystals and ATP induced IL ‐1β release from lipopolysaccharide‐primed human atherosclerotic lesion plaques. The minor alleles of the variants rs4266924, rs6672995, and rs10733113 were associated with NLRP 3 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not with the risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Our results indicate a possible role of the NLRP 3 inflammasome and its genetic variants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression and Activation in Human Atherosclerosis