Abstract H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are universally lethal cancers in children and young adults. Our team previously demonstrated efficacy of GD2-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (GD2-CAR T-cells) in preclinical models of DMG of the pons (also called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and DMG of the spinal cord, and opened a Phase I clinical trial (NCT04196413) treating patients with first intravenous (IV) followed by repeated infusions of intracerebroventricular (ICV) GD2-CAR T-cells. We employed high-dimensional analyses to define immune states contributing to CAR-T activity in patients. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) was conducted on 555,406 single cells from 115 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 13 patients before and after CAR-T treatment. This is the largest CSF CAR-T dataset in central nervous system (CNS) tumors and provides insights into the immune biology surrounding CAR-T treatment for CNS malignancies. Patient CSF samples were dominated by T cell and myeloid populations. After CAR-T infusion, patient CSF exhibited an increased fraction of regulatory T cells and myeloid populations from baseline. Myeloid cells in early timepoints after ICV administration demonstrated a unique pro-inflammatory signature, while CSF samples from IV and late ICV timepoints exhibited a suppressive signature. To further explore the immune biology of these myeloid contributors, we developed a patient-derived xenograft model of DMG relapse following low-dose ICV GD2 CAR-T treatment. Using a pharmacological CSF1R-inhibitor, we demonstrate that depletion of microglia/myeloid cells at a specific window following CAR-T administration enhances durability of tumor control. Together, these data display the power of in-depth correlative analyses to identify distinct immune populations that drive durability of response. Key findings from these data will allow for optimization of CAR-T therapies for H3K27M+ DMG patients, providing hope to shift the paradigm of this fatal disease.

IMMU-60. MYELOID POPULATIONS MODULATE GD2 CAR T CELL ACTIVITY IN DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA